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Piecing together the Puzzle of Basal Forebrain Anatomy
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“The extended amygdala comprises several basal forebrain structures, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), sublenticular substantia innominata, and a transition zone in the shell of the NAc (Heimer and Alheid, 1991).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Heimer and Alheid, 1991
In the citing paper
“The regions that comprise the extended amygdala have cytoarchitectural and circuitry similarities with each other (Heimer and Alheid, 1991).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Heimer and Alheid, 1991
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“1991, 1997; Heimer and Alheid 1991; Heimer and Van Hoesen 2006) and it has been reported recently (Zahm et al.”
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“Such an approach was applied, perhaps somewhat unwittingly (because developmental notions were not foremost in the relevant adult neuroanatomic scenario), when Heimer and colleagues started examining the radial relationships of subpallial masses with the respective ventricular and pial surfaces (Heimer et al., 1982, 1…”
BackgroundThe Synaptic Interactions of Alcohol and the Endogenous Cannabinoid System
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Szűcs, A. L., Berton, F., Sanna, P. P., & Francesconi, W. G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042313 · Cited by 21
“The lateral BNST is among the brain regions that compose the extended amygdala together with the central (CeA) and medial (MeA) nuclei of the amygdala, among others [12,13].”
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“Heimer and colleagues (Alheid and Heimer 1988; Heimer and Alheid 1991; Heimer et al. 1991, 1997b) emphasized cortical outputs to a collection of basal forebrain functional–anatomical ‘‘macrosystems’’, including dorsal and ventral striatopallidum (Heimer 1972; Heimer and Wilson 1975), extended…”
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“…from a myriad of limbic, cortical and sub-cortical areas and outputs to sections of the cortex, some thalamic areas and other basal ganglia regions (Heimer and Alheid, 1991; Sesack and Grace, 2010), the NAc has been considered a motor-limbic interface, conveying emotional and motivational…”
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“The EA comprises the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc; Heimer and Alheid, 1991).”
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“…and is considered to be part of the so called extended amygdala, a set of brain regions that are often referred as a single entity because of their similar ontogeny, cytoarchitecture, chemoreceptors, and structural connections (Alheid and Heimer, 1988; Heimer and Alheid, 1991; Alheid, 2003).”
BackgroundSzűcs, A. L., Berton, F., Nowotny, T., Sanna, P. P., & Francesconi, W. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011920 · Cited by 17
“The BNST is part of the extended amygdala, an anatomical macrostructure that comprises several basal forebrain structures to form a grey matter continuum sharing similarities in morphology, neurochemistry and connectivity [8,9].”
BackgroundAdolescent substance use and functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and hippocampus
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Alcohol Use Disorders: Tracts, Twins, and Trajectories
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Marginal Division of the Neostriatum: A Subcortical Memory Center
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Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012419239-3/50040-0 · Cited by 11
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“…from a myriad of cortical, sub-cortical, and limbic regions and sending outputs to basal ganglia nuclei, part of the cortex, and thalamic regions [21,22], the NAc has been proposed to be the motor-limbic interface of the brain, being responsible for transforming emotional and motivational…”
BackgroundRieck, R. W., Nabors, C. C., Updyke, B. V., & Kratz, K. E. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)01367-q · Cited by 9
Alcohol Use Disorder: Stress, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Urgency
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Increased coherence among striatal regions in the theta range during attentive wakefulness
Lepski, G. A., Arévalo, A. L., Valle, A. C., Ballester, G., & Gharabaghi, A. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500104 · Cited by 8
“Corroborating these functional observations, anatomical studies (6-8) divided the striatum of rodents into 3 main parts, based on their connectivity pattern: 1) a limbic region (9,10) in the ventromedial striatum (in the context of “expanded amygdala” and the ventral striatopallidal system), which is connected to the…”
BackgroundNeurorobiology and Evidence-Based Biological Treatments for Substance Abuse Disorders
Ivanov, I., Schuiz, K. P., Palmero, R. C., & Newcorn, J. H. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900015017 · Cited by 8
June, H. L., & Eiler, W. J. A. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470101001.hcn036 · Cited by 8
Electrophysiological Effects of Dopamine Receptor Stimulation
Grenhoff, J., & Johnson, S. W. (1997) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2635-0_9 · Cited by 8
Modelle der Substanzabhängigkeit
Martin-Söelch, C. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000015 · Cited by 8
“Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die neuronalen Korrelate für diese emotionale Fehlregulierung ähnlich sind wie diejenigen, die Angst- und Stresszuständen zugrunde liegen und die sogenannte „erweiterte Amygdala“ („extended amygdala“, Heimer & Alheid, 1991) involvieren.”
BackgroundAlcohol dependence-induced astrocyte immune activation in the nucleus accumbens
Hashimoto, J. G., Mangieri, R. A., Roberts, A. J., Lime, T., Davis, B. A., Carbone, L., Roberto, M., & Guizzetti, M. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.107171 · Cited by 7
“…amygdala (CeA), and the lateral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), are the major constituents of the “extended amygdala” (Heimer and Alheid, 1991), a conceptual macro-structure in the basal forebrain that contributes to emotional disturbances, including the initial…”
MacIlvane, N. M., Fede, S. J., Pearson, E. E., Diazgranados, N., & Momenan, R. (2020) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14465 · Cited by 5
“In the brain, the negative affect stage of AUD is associated with altered functioning of the extended amygdala (Heimer and Alheid, 1991), which in turn disrupts communications in large brain networks that use the amygdala as a hub (ie, afterantly from thalamic, hippocampal and sensory association…”
BackgroundNeurodegenerative Diseases - Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Tunalı, N. E. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.83153 · Cited by 6
García-Carmona, J. A., Laorden, E. M., Milanés, M. V., & Laorden, M. L. (2015) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.002 · Cited by 6
Davidson, C., Raby, C. A. R., Barrese, V., & Ramsey, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00149 · Cited by 6
Regulation of glutamate signaling in the extended amygdala by adolescent alcohol exposure
Holmgren, E. B., & Wills, T. A. (2021) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.004 · Cited by 6
Reentry and the Problem of Cortical Integration
Tononi, G. (1994) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60244-5 · Cited by 5
Javadifar, T.-S., Sahraei, H., Ketabi, M.-A., Nasehi, M., & Zarrindast, M.-R. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.010 · Cited by 4
The Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus: Connections With the Basal Ganglia
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Role of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in addiction disorders
Iqbal, J., Mansour, M. N. M., Saboor, H. A., Suyambu, J., Lak, M. A., Zeeshan, M. H., Hafeez, M. H., Arain, M. A., Mehmood, M., Mehmood, D., et al. (2023) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.25259/sni_662_2023 · Cited by 4
“[48] In individuals with cocaine addiction, amygdala volume has been found to be associated with drug craving.”
BackgroundNeurotoxicity and substance abuse: Further fuel for regulatory dilemma
Archer, T., Palomo, T., & Kostrzewa, R. M. (2001) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033226 · Cited by 4
Bertagna, N. B., Favoretto, C. A., Rodolpho, B. T., Righi, T., Loss, C. M., Morais, I. B. M., Vrechi, T. A. D. M., Erustes, A. G., Pereira, G. J. S., Miguel, T. T., et al. (2025) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2025.11.004 · Cited by 3
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Neurobiological theories of addiction
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Koob, G. F. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398335-0.00001-7 · Cited by 2
Wang, H., Li, S., & Kirouac, G. J. (2015) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2015.08.010 · Cited by 2
“The extended amygdala is an anatomical macrostructure that extends along the anterior commissure and includes parts of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the centromedial amygdala (Alheid, 2003; Alheid et al., 1999; de Olmos and Heimer, 1999; Heimer and Alheid, 1991).”
BackgroundSarter, M. F. (2008) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-007-0165-x · Cited by 2
“…of advances in the descriptions of basal forebrain circuitry for psychiatric (and biopsychological) research (hence the term perestroika, ‘‘the opening of the border between neurology and psychiatry’’; (p. 149; see also Heimer 2000, 2003; Heimer and Alheid 1991; Heimer and Van Hoesen 2006).”
BackgroundBauer, R. M., & Asken, B. M. (2017) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315271743-28 · Cited by 2
“…to limbic and association cortex and to dorsomedial thalamus, and a smaller corticomedial segment, which extends into the basal forebrain and has extensive connections with basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem (DeOlmos, 1990; Heimer & Alheid, 1991; Scott, DeKosky & Scheff, 1991).”
BackgroundStimulant Drugs: Psychostimulants and Addiction
Pulvirenti, L., Moal, M. L., & Koob, G. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88832-9_106 · Cited by 2
Koob, G. F., Arends, M. A., McCracken, M. L., & Moal, M. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816988-9.00001-1 · Cited by 2
Stimulant Drugs: Psychostimulants and Addiction
Pulvirenti, L., Moal, M. L., & Koob, G. F. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3474-4_106 · Cited by 1
Sevarino, K. A., & Shelby, B. C. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch80 · Cited by 1
Addiction: Neurobiological Mechanism
Koob, G. F. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045046-9.00384-3 · Cited by 1
Lennart Heimer: in memoriam (1930–2007)
Haber, S. N., McGinty, J. F., Mugnaini, E., & Záborszky, L. (2008) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-008-0194-0 · Cited by 1
Chang, S. L. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Central amygdala CART modulates ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety
Salinas, A. G. (2013) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Gao, B., Xiang, X., Leggio, L., & Koob, G. F. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119436812.ch53 · Cited by 1
(2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012374239-1.50009-9 · Cited by 1
Deng, H. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00124-2 · Cited by 1
Camp, M. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Psychostimulants and Addiction
Pulvirenti, L., Moal, M. L., & Koob, G. F. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1997-6_106
Alcohol Use Disorders: Tracts, Twins, and Trajectories
Koob, G. F. (2015) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.130315
Barrett, T. B., Hauger, R. L., Kelsoe, J. R., Niculescu, A. B., Segal, D. S., Kuczenski, R. T., Xiong, M., Fang, X., Zhao, J., Watson, S., et al. (2005)
Dunbar, M. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-3115
“…are grouped together; hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and also the cingulate gyrus, in what is termed the limbic system, all structures situated within close proximity, and are linked together in regulating emotion, memory and cognition (Heimer & Alheid, 1991; Papez, 1937; Pralong et al, 2002).”
BackgroundMagalas, Z., & Wagner, H. (2006) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Kupferschmidt, D. A. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Koob, G. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197517277.003.0007
The avian subpallium and autonomic nervous system
Kuenzel, W. J., & Jurkevich, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819770-7.00031-1
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3
Huh, S., Kim, S., Kim, H., Han, S., & Son, B. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0020
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15596-3.16001-1
Disorders Due to Substance Use: Stimulants
Sevarino, K. A., & Farrell, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_26-1
Reward mechanisms underlying substance use disorder: A role for learning and memory
Fetterly, T. L., Vera, V. A., & Wood, M. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00063-8
Sapin, E. (2009) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/220c13b8z7dc6z47cazb09bz8dab989d204f
Metadata
- Authors
- Heimer, L., & Alheid, G. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia Health System (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 295
- Pages
- 1-42
- ISSN
- 0065-2598 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2230876051
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 13.12
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental medicine and biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (17743)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Classical Anatomy and Histology
- Keywords
- basal forebrain, hypothalamus, limbic system, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, septum, diagonal band of Broca, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, substantia innominata, olfactory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, stria terminalis, medial forebrain bundle, fiber tracts
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Prosencephalon
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