Tonic Immobility as a Model of Extreme States of Behavioral Inhibition: Issues of Methodology and Measurement
Abstract
Tonic immobility (TI) (also commonly known as “animal hypnosis,” “immobility reflex,” and “contact defensive immobility”) is a profound, but easily reversible condition of response inhibition found in a wide variety of different species, including various insects, crustacea, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (for reviews, see Gallup, 1974a; Jones, 1986). Figures 1 and 2 depict chickens exhibiting the TI reaction.
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Higher-order judgment is not involved in tonic immobility; these processes rely on phylogenetically old regions of the brain (such as the ventrolateral (VLPAG)) and occur in organisms without a highly developed cerebral cortex, such as insects and birds.
“Here, higher-order judgment is not involved, but rather, these processes rely on phylogenetically old regions of the brain (such as the ventrolateral (VLPAG)) and occur in organisms without a highly developed cerebral cortex, such as insects and birds (Gallup and Rager, 1996).”
From A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions (2016) · cites this paper as Gallup and Rager, 1996
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Zamora‐Camacho, F. J., Medina‐Gálvez, L., & Zambrano-Fernández, S. (2019) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12715 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Barbano, A. C., Piggott, D. M., Raugh, I. M., Ellem, J. R., Sexton, M. B., & Anderson, R. E. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23182 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maladaptive Alterations of Defensive Response Following Developmental Complex Stress in Rats
Kim, J., Park, M., Lee, C., Ha, J., Choi, J.-S., Kim, C. H., & Seok, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2020.18.3.412 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Human tonic immobility: An exploration of three trauma contexts.
Abrams, M. P. (2008) · doi:10.82465/4770 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bilsborrow, G. (2012) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23185526
Mueller, B. S. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Gallup, G. G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_979-1
Self-citationDistinct Serotonergic Pathways Control Opposite Behavioral States in Restrained DrosophilaPreprint
Gowda, S. B. M., Banu, A., Salim, S., Claridge‐Chang, A., Peker, K. A., & Mohammad, F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4106842
(2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gallup, G. G., & Rager, D. R.
- Venue
- Motor Activity and Movement Disorders
- Publisher
- Humana Press
- Published
- 1996
- Pages
- 57-80
- OpenAlex
- W22383507
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Humana Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- tonic immobility, behavioral inhibition, response inhibition, animal hypnosis, chickens
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