The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Potential of Transdisciplinarity
Abstract
A transformation is occurring in the relationship of science and society. A new mode of knowledge production is at the heart of this transformation. Much of the thrust of innovation is coming from new links between traditionally segmented producers and users of knowledge. Contextualization of research around the interests of stakeholders fosters a more “socially robust” knowledge that transgresses disciplinary and institutional boundaries. The ancient Greek agora is a model for a new transdisciplinary forum. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The participating stakeholders' learning and the development of socially robust orientations (Gibbons and Nowotny 2001) have been in the foreground.”
From Transdisciplinarity: science for and with society in light of the university’s roles and functions (2020) · cites this paper as Gibbons and Nowotny 2001
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 245
From motivating assumptions to a practical innovation model
Peterson, H. C., & Mager, S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9781-1_6 · Cited by 12
TRANSVERSITY: TRANSDISCIPLINARITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
McGregor, S. L. T., & Volckmann, R. (2013) · Cited by 11
Feliciano, D., Blagojević, D., Böhling, K., Hujala, T., Lawrence, A., Lidestav, G., Ludvig, A., Turner, T., Weiss, G., & Živojinović, I. (2018) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2018.09.005 · Cited by 11
Plafky, C. S. (2015) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcv082 · Cited by 10
Employer Strategies for Preventing Mental Health Related Work Disability: A Scoping Review
Gensby, U., Limborg, H. J., Mahood, Q., et al. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies · doi:10.18291/njwls.v9i1.113082 · Cited by 10
“…of TD research in this study is that it contributes to joint problem-solving between researchers from different disciplines to understand preventive approaches and initiatives between the health care provider, the person, the insurance provider, and the employer/workplace (Nowotny 2006).”
BackgroundTranscending disciplines: Scientific styles in studies of the brain in mid-twentieth century America
Abraham, T. H. (2012) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2012.02.001 · Cited by 11
Design education, practice, and research : on building a field of inquiry
Dunin‐Woyseth, H., & Nilsson, F. (2014) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 9
Atmospheric composition change research: Time to go post-normal?
Pereira, Â. G., Raes, F., Pedrosa, T. D. S., et al. (2009) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.016 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of Research in Context A Quick Scan of an Emerging Field
Merkx, F., van der Weijden, I., Oostveen, A., van den Besselaar, P., & Spaapen, J. B. (2007) · Cited by 9
Jonas, W. (2018) · Translational systems sciences · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55639-8_4 · Cited by 10
Information Systems in a Transdisciplinary Perspective: Leaping to a Larger Stage
Kroeze, J. H., Travica, B., & van Zyl, I. (2019) · Alternation Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa · doi:10.29086/2519-5476/2019/sp24.2a2 · Cited by 10
(2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6330-7 · Cited by 9
Nascimento, S., Pólvora, A., Paio, A. C. R., et al. (2016) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505431.2016.1193131 · Cited by 9
“Vertically, the high public and political visibility of environmental projects prompted the logic of accountability significantly within transdisciplinary debates (Gibbons and Nowotny, 2001; Nowotny et al., 2001).”
BackgroundUmweltsoziologie und Transdisziplinarität
Stauffacher, M. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-93097-8_13 · Cited by 9
Prasad, C., Hall, A., & Wani, S. P. (2006) · Cited by 9
Huutoniemi, K. I. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 9
Soziale Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in Wissenschaft und Forschung
Dahmen, J., & Thaler, A. (2017) · Verlag Barbara Budrich Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2017 eBooks · doi:10.3224/978384742064 · Cited by 8
Nold, C. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.02.004 · Cited by 9
“The notion of transdisciplinarity I am working with in this text is taken from Nowotny (2006) who proposes that transdisciplinarity needs to provide a transgressive and socially robust knowledge that engages with and supports publics.”
BackgroundDoi, N. M. (2020) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · doi:10.14764/10.aseas-0041 · Cited by 8
“Embedded in the key attributes of Mode-2 knowledge production1 (Gibbons & Nowotny, 2001), “transdisciplinarity concerns that which is at once between the disciplines, across the different disciplines, and beyond all disciplines.”
BackgroundPatel, Z., Schneider, F., & Paulavets, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2022.806053 · Cited by 8
“While mindful of the breadth of transdisciplinarity ranging from metaphysical and mystical perspectives (Nicolescu, 2012) to research aimed at designing solutions to “real world problems” (Gibbons and Nowotny, 2001), for the purposes of this paper, transdisciplinary research is interpreted as focused on societal probl…”
BackgroundDesigning transdisciplinarity for transformative ocean governance
Hills, J. M., & Maharaj, P. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1075759 · Cited by 8
The Creation and Social Transmission of Psychoanalytic Knowledge
Richards, A. D. (2006) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651060540022001 · Cited by 8
Morris, N., & Hebden, J. C. (2008) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 8
Odacıoğlu, M. C., & Köktürk, Ş. (2015) · International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.3n.3p.14 · Cited by 8
“Its potentiality serves to acquire a better outcome or to produce a better science (see Nowotny, 2006).”
BackgroundForest, P., Tremblay, M., & Le Prestre, P. (2009) · Études internationales · doi:10.7202/038092ar · Cited by 8
Truths, representationalism and disciplinarity in Khoesan researches
Solomon, A. (2014) · Critical Arts · doi:10.1080/02560046.2014.929225 · Cited by 7
Experiences of transdisciplinarity in research on agricultural sustainability
Hunt, L., Benge, J., Campbell, H. R., Fairweather, J., Greer, G., Lucock, D., Manhire, J., Møller, H., Reid, J. D., Rosin, C., et al. (2010) · Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University) · Cited by 7
Livanec, S., Stumpf, M., Reuter, L., Fenn, J., & Kiesel, A. (2022) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196221078924 · Cited by 7
“With CAM, we intend to close the gap between quantitative and qualitative research traditions and are going to offer a tool that facilitates collaborative knowledge production in interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary settings (Gibbons et al., 2001; Spaapen and Van Den Akker, 2017).”
BackgroundCan an interdisciplinary field contribute to one of the parent disciplines from which it emerged?
Chakraborti, A., Raina, D., & Sharma, K. (2016) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2016-60115-x · Cited by 7
Underlying Principles in Organic and “Low-Input Food” Processing – Literature Survey
Schmid, O. J., Beck, A., & Kretzschmar, U. (2004) · Cited by 7
Stauffacher, M., & Scholz, R. W. (2004) · Cited by 7
de Ligny, S. D. W., van Geldere, S., Schäfer, M. T., & Meijer, A. J. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251338290 · Cited by 6
“…that we integrate not only different interdisciplinary (academic) disciplines, but also knowledge from non-academic stakeholders such as municipal, (semi)governmental entities, software developers, and data providers (e.g. Baber, 1995; Gibbons and Nowotny, 2001; Jahn et al., 2012; Ettlinger, 2021).”
Berbegal‐Mirabent, J., & Martin‐Sanchez, V. (2024) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-024-10115-4 · Cited by 6
Gender Studies in Entrepreneurial Universities: The Case of Inter- and Transdisciplinarity
Hark, S., & Wetterer, A. (2010) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-92501-1_21 · Cited by 6
Transformative und agile Innovationssysteme
Botthof, A., Edler, J., Hahn, K., Hirsch-Kreinsen, H., Weber, K. M., Wessels, J., & Verlag, C. (2023) · Campus Verlag eBooks · doi:10.12907/978-3-593-45562-4 · Cited by 6
Assessing Institutional Frameworks of Inter- and Transdisciplinary Research and Education
Weiss, G., Steiner, R., & Eckmüllner, O. (2011) · Higher Education Policy · doi:10.1057/hep.2011.19 · Cited by 6
“ITD has been studied with different research interests, at least two of which are the following: on the one hand, authors investigate the role of institutional framework conditions as a setting for ITD projects (Weingart and Stehr, 2000; Gibbons and Novotny, 2001; Maasen and Weingart, 2005; Maasen et al., 2006); on th…”
BackgroundGürtler, K., & Rivera, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226506 · Cited by 6
Stacking Complexities: Reframing Uncertainty through Hybrid Literacies
Marenko, B. (2021) · Design and Culture · doi:10.1080/17547075.2021.1916856 · Cited by 5
Poutanen, S., & Kovalainen, A. (2010) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.2143 · Cited by 5
“Agora is offered as such a platform, to support the mode 2 idea as an ideal organisational solution for shared and extended knowledge production and, more precisely, for transdisciplinarity (Nowotny, 2003)[2].”
BackgroundTransdisciplinaridade do Design: Niveis de Realidade Distintos
Vieira, S. L. D. S. (2018) · Gestão & Tecnologia de Projetos · doi:10.11606/gtp.v13i1.110646 · Cited by 5
Heis, A., & Vaddhanaphuti, C. (2020) · Advances in Southeast Asian Studies · doi:10.14764/10.aseas-0040 · Cited by 10
“Mode 2 and socially robust knowledge specify research that is application-oriented and practical (Hadorn et al., 2008, p. 25; Nowotny, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialScholz, R. W., Beckedahl, M., Noller, S., & Renn, O. (2021) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748924111-e · Cited by 6
Changing assessment practices: the case for online moderation
Adie, L. E. (2009) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 6
The transgressive gardener : Cultivating learning-based transformations towards regenerative futures
Macintyre, T. (2019) · doi:10.18174/505808 · Cited by 6
ASSESSING UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ INTERDISCIPLINARY UNDERSTANDING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Lan, Y., Chi, S., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/21.20.811 · Cited by 5
Políticas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação na América Latina: as respostas da comunidade científica
Balbachevsky, E. (2011) · Caderno CRH · doi:10.1590/s0103-49792011000300004 · Cited by 4
Huber, A. 1., Ingrisch, D. 1., Kaufmann, T. C. 2. J., et al. (2021) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839452875 · Cited by 4
Alternative Design Doctorates as Drivers for New Forms of Research
Jonas, W., Chow, R., & Grand, S. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-317-1_18 · Cited by 4
COLLABORATIVE WRITING IN A SOFTWARE GAME: RE-ENACTING A VYGOTSKIAN DESIGN
Hansson, T., & van Heugten, L. (2006) · Advanced Technology for Learning · doi:10.2316/journal.208.2006.1.208-1026 · Cited by 4
Adie, L. E. (2010) · Office of Education Research; Faculty of Education · Cited by 4
Interdisciplinarity, health and well-being
Price, L. (2021) · Journal of Critical Realism · doi:10.1080/14767430.2021.1999721 · Cited by 5
Lange-Morales, K., García-Acosta, G., & Bruder, R. (2023) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2023.2292614 · Cited by 3
“According to Gibbons and Nowotny (2001), knowledge and expertise are transgressive, which means that there is a need to generate a language that transgresses the limits of each expertise like a silo and takes on board the codes of other areas.”
Huber, A., Ingrisch, D., Kaufmann, T., Kretz, J., Schröder, G., & Zembylas, T. (2021) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839452875 · Cited by 11
Deakin, M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429432873-16 · Cited by 3
‘Glocal’ discussion as leverage. Debating urban sustainability in Bogotá
Rivera, M. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-014-0206-8 · Cited by 3
“The diversity of involved actors indicates very different sources of scientific and practical knowledge at the table—a prerequisite for transdisciplinarity in terms of both ‘joint fact finding’ (Andrews 2002) and ‘joint solution finding’ in the public sphere (Gibbons and Nowotny 2001).”
BackgroundTrying to Understand Curriculum in the New Millennium
Niculescu, R. M. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 3
Enriching Responsible Living Curricula with Transdisciplinarity
McGregor, S. L. T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15305-6_8 · Cited by 3
Morris, N., & Hebden, J. C. (2008) · Science & Technology Studies · doi:10.23987/sts.55225 · Cited by 3
Karner, S., Thaler, A., & Wicher, M. (2017) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvbkjzrx.11 · Cited by 3
What is collaborative landscape research about?
Werkman, R. A., van den Berg, J., van Paassen, A., et al. (2011) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-724-0_2 · Cited by 3
Hunecke, M. (2008) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90956-1_5 · Cited by 3
Fishberg, R., & Kropp, K. (2025) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505431.2025.2584761 · Cited by 2
Transformationsanspruch in Forschung und Bildung. Konzepte, Projekte, empirische Perspektiven
:null (2023) · Waxmann Verlag GmbH eBooks · doi:10.31244/9783830996774 · Cited by 9
Toward Trust as Result. A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for the ‘Future of the Internet’
Paoli, S. D., Gangadharan, G., Kerr, A., et al. (2012) · tripleC Communication Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society · doi:10.31269/triplec.v9i2.194 · Cited by 2
Researching the construction of a formbild
Gulliksen, M. S. (2009) · SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) · Cited by 2
Light on Water: Conversations on Emergent Writing Methodologies
Kelly, J. F., & Livholts, M. B. (2014) · Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) · Cited by 2
Salazar, J. (2006) · International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW) · doi:10.1109/cw.2006.30 · Cited by 2
“Instead of laying one discipline along side another for examining cyberworlds as an “interdisciplinary” approach would do; “Transdisciplinarity” is much more of a juxtaposition of disciplines, in which there is a clear transgression of boundaries between them[ 3 ].”
BackgroundLeroy, P. (2009) · Tijdschrift voor Sociologie · doi:10.21825/sociologos.86722 · Cited by 2
Igelsböck, J. (2020) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2019.1706123 · Cited by 2
“‘Transdisciplinary knowledge production’ or ‘extended peer review’ (see e.g. Gibbons and Nowotny 2001; Funtowicz 2001) can be mentioned as institutional answers to such calls.”
BackgroundFIVE CAPABILITIES OF DESIGN ENGINEERS: TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSDISCIPLINARY COMPETENCIES
Ha, M. R., & Czekanski, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA) · doi:10.24908/pceea.vi0.13821 · Cited by 2
“Transdisciplinary knowledge capability of designers, termed Type-2 knowledge by Nowotny [1], has been a well-discussed topic of interest by design researchers [2][5].”
BackgroundCândido, M. M. D., & Pappalardo, G. (2023) · Cadernos de Sociomuseologia · doi:10.36572/csm.2023.vol.66.09 · Cited by 2
An intersectional reading of gender & technology
Vigdor, L. (2010) · Cited by 2
Formação em museologia: círculos e outras geometrias
Semedo, A. (2013) · Anais do Museu Paulista História e Cultura Material · doi:10.1590/s0101-47142013000100005 · Cited by 2
Scholz, R. W. (2013) · Nomos eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783845242774_327 · Cited by 2
“21 Gibbons & Nowotny (2001:79). statements become relative in complex contextualisation.”
Applying Transdisciplinarity: Exploring Transgenerational Traumas of Anatolia, Turkey
Soyalp, N. (2020) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604027.2020.1788358 · Cited by 2
Shala, E. (2018) · Repository KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) · doi:10.5445/ir/1000084920 · Cited by 2
Toward Trust as Result. A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for the ‘Future of the Internet’
Paoli, S. D., Gangadharan, G., Kerr, A., et al. (2012) · tripleC Communication Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society · doi:10.31269/vol9iss2pp702-714 · Cited by 2
Interdisciplinary Professional Doctoral Education
Hayes, C., & Corrie, I. (2022) · Advances in medical education, research, and ethics (AMERE) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9578-7.ch018 · Cited by 1
Evaluating Inter-, Multi-, and Transdisciplinary Research in the European Research Area
Schmidt, E. K., & Siune, K. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation · doi:10.3138/cjpe.023.011 · Cited by 1
Seixas, S., Montagna, G., & Félix, M. J. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003509929-12 · Cited by 1
Späte, K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01262-5_2 · Cited by 1
Will Entrepreneurship, Knowledge Management and Foresight Emerge in a System?
Puga, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5215-7_10 · Cited by 1
Gulliksen, M. S. (2009) · FormAkademisk - forskningstidsskrift for design og designdidaktikk · doi:10.7577/formakademisk.81 · Cited by 1
Giger, P., & Trojer, L. (2007) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 1
Dworzanowski-Venter, B., & Chagonda, T. (2015) · Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology · doi:10.1080/09766634.2015.11885643 · Cited by 1
“Increasingly, there are project teams drawn from multiple disciplines, and increased interactions between universities, corporates and communities attest to socially-driven knowledge acquisition (Nowotny 2003; Nowotny et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSilvast, A., & Foulds, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88455-0_1 · Cited by 1
Enabling transdisciplinary research: Suggestions for avoiding `road-blocks' based on a case study
Coath, M., Mettiäinen, I., Contreras, R., Toivonen, J., & Moore, J. C. (2021) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.14033.1 · Cited by 1
Soziale Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in Wissenschaft und Forschung
(2017) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvbkjzrx · Cited by 1
Learning from creative biology: Promoting transdisciplinarity through vocabularies of practice
Pschetz, L., Ramirez-Figueroa, C., & Revans, J. (2022) · Proceedings of DRS · doi:10.21606/drs.2022.291 · Cited by 1
Integración científica bajo la lupa
Mauro, A. (2023) · Revista iberoamericana de ciencia tecnología y sociedad · doi:10.52712/issn.1850-0013-381 · Cited by 1
Hayes, C. (2024) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1926-0.ch012 · Cited by 1
Interdisciplinarity in Religious and Women's Studies
Juschka, D. M. (2006) · Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses · doi:10.1177/000842980603500302 · Cited by 1
Re-distributing Responsibility in Transdisciplinary Knowledge Production and Circulation
Völker, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52885-0_3 · Cited by 1
A Commentary on Culture, Sustainability and Market Transformations
Harwood, T. G. (2022) · Markets Globalization & Development Review · doi:10.23860/mgdr-2022-07-02-04 · Cited by 1
Agoralla : avauksia ympäristöasiantuntijoiden vuorovaikutusprosesseista
Köhl, J. (2008) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
Fashioning an Entrepreneurial Creative Cultural Self
Flew, T. (2004) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 1
Gupta, J., van Asselt, H., Weber, D., Haxeltine, A., Rovere, E. L. L., Kelkar, U., Bhandari, P. M., Sokona, Y., & Berk, M. (2003) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 1
O’Reilly, D. (2008) · Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
The reality-producing dynamics of the mobile phone in Uganda
Paxling, L. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Beyond un-sustainability: Multi-disciplinarity in sustainable design education
Palmer, J., & Crocker, R. (2010) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · doi:10.13140/2.1.4626.3042 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Gibbons, M., & Nowotny, H.
- Affiliations
- Association of Commonwealth Universities (GB)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Transdisciplinarity: Joint Problem Solving among Science, Technology, and Society
- Publisher
- Birkhäuser Basel
- Published
- 2001
- Pages
- 67-80
- OpenAlex
- W129870078
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 30.13
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Birkhäuser Basel eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Research, Science, and Academia
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › University-Industry-Government Innovation Models
- Keywords
- transdisciplinarity, science and society, knowledge production, stakeholder engagement, interdisciplinary research, institutional boundaries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
