Transdisciplinarity: science for and with society in light of the university’s roles and functions

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author has co-led/participated in numerous projects where industry provided funding by sponsoring research and participated without directing scientists' activities in regard to the identification of goals.

“Thus, the author of this project has colead/participated in numerous projects (Scholz and Steiner 2015b) where industry not only provided funding by sponsoring research but also participated in the process without directing scientists' activities in regard to the identification of goals.”

• cites Scholz and Steiner 2015bNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The identification of a democratically legitimized practitioner to serve as a co-leader for global phosphorus flows has been challenging.

“The identification of a democratically legitimized practitioner to serve as a co-leader for global phosphorus flows (such as the president of a canton for a regional study) has been challenging.”

May combine two claims.

The participating stakeholders' learning and the development of socially robust orientations have been in the foreground in the ETH case studies.

“The participating stakeholders' learning and the development of socially robust orientations (Gibbons and Nowotny 2001) have been in the foreground.”

• cites Gibbons and Nowotny 2001 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The author's experience initiating and/or participating in more than 25 large-scale transdisciplinary projects has identified the need for thorough inclusion and co-leadership of practice in transdisciplinary processes that call for conceiving science as a public good.

“The author's experience initiating and/or participating in more than 25 large-scale transdisciplinary projects has identified the need for the thorough inclusion and co-leadership of practice (e.g., the Swiss nuclear industry's research on policy processes) in transdisciplinary processes that call for conceiving science as a public good (G2).”

May combine two claims.

Global TraPs received multiple sponsorships from industry, the UN, and common science funding, and contract-based research was declined to maintain independence with respect to funders' interests.

“The project received multiple sponsorships from industry, the UN, and common science funding.Contract-based research was declined to maintain independence with respect to funders' interests.”

May combine two claims.

Though most transdisciplinary processes have been on a local scale, there are transdisciplinary processes on national, international, and global scales on challenging issues such as nuclear waste.

“Though most of the processes have been on a local scale, there are transdisciplinary processes on national, international (Schori et al. 2009), and global scales (Scholz et al. 2014) on challenging issues such as nuclear waste.”

• cites Schori et al. 2009Not checked yet

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• cites Scholz et al. 2014Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Transdisciplinary research is a critical element of the university's research mission.

“This implies that transdisciplinary research is a critical element of the university's research mission.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Collaboration between practice and transdisciplinarity calls for the input and cooperation of authentic practitioners, i.e., the experts of practice and real-world complexity.

“Therefore, collaboration between practice and transdisciplinarity calls for the input and cooperation of authentic practitioners, i.e., the experts of practice and real wold complexity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A key challenge of sustainable development is how properly proven scientific knowledge can be developed, used, and linked with other forms of knowledge, in particular the experiential knowledge of practice experts.

“A key challenge of sustainable development is how (properly proven) scientific knowledge can be developed, used, and linked with other forms of knowledge, in particular, the experiential knowledge of practice experts, in the course of sustainable development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Transdisciplinarity for producing groundbreaking sociotechnical solutions has to serve the public good and calls for independence, academic freedom, institutionalization, and proper funding schemes.

“We argue that transdisciplinarity for producing groundbreaking sociotechnical solutions has to serve (a) the public good and (b) calls for independence, academic freedom, institutionalization, and proper funding schemes.”

May combine two claims.

A shift from science for society to science with society was first promoted about 20 years ago when transdisciplinarity developed as a third mode of doing and utilizing science.

“A shift from “science for society” to “science with society” (Klein et al. 2001;Scholz et al. 2000a, b;Scholz and Stauffacher 2009;Seidl et al. 2013) was first promoted about 20 years ago when transdisciplinarity developed as a third mode of doing and utilizing science.”

• cites Klein et al. 2001Not checked yet

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• cites Scholz et al. 2000a, bNot checked yet

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• cites Seidl et al. 2013 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The development of groundbreaking ideas for sustainable transitions must acknowledge the complexity and contextualization of real-world settings.

“The development of groundbreaking ideas for sustainable transitions must acknowledge the complexity and contextualization of real-world settings.”

May combine two claims.

Game theory, founded by Morgenstern and von Neumann, and operational research are genuine interdisciplinary fields rooted in military problem-solving, and interdisciplinarity developed in the aftermath of WWII.

“Game theory, founded by economist Oskar Morgenstern and mathematician John von Neumann (1944), or operational research (Gass and Assad 2005;Morse and Kimball 1946) as genuine interdisciplinary fields rooted in military problem-solving and, thereby, interdisciplinarity developed in the aftermath of WWII.”

• cites Gass and Assad 2005Not checked yet

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• cites Morse and Kimball 1946 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Universities place too much emphasis on the commercialization of their research as a yardstick for measuring their overcommercialization of research.

“The key proposition of the paper is that universities to place too much emphasis on the commercialization of their research as a yardstick for measuring their (overcommercialization of research).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

An unreflected commercialization following the idea of the market-oriented third mission contrasts with developing socially robust orientations for sustainable development, in mutual learning processes between science and society and for learning as well as in mitigation in multi-stakeholder discourses.

“We elaborate on the conception that an unreflected commercialization following of the idea of the (market oriented) third mission contrasts with developing socially robust orientations for sustainable development, in mutual learning processes between science and society and for learning as well as in mitigation in multi-stakeholder discourses.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mutual learning among science and society, i.e., relating and integrating different forms of epistemics, has been seen as a key means of transdisciplinarity.

“Mutual learning among science and society (Scholz 2000), i.e., the relating and integrating of different forms of epistemics, has been seen as a key means of transdisciplinarity (Scholz and Steiner 2015c).”

• cites Scholz 2000Not checked yet

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• cites Scholz and Steiner 2015cNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Students and professors at early universities were allowed more freedom of thought and speech than others in society.

“Students and professors were allowed more freedom of thought and speech than others in society (A3) (Montague 2013), and this academic freedom has been viewed critically by governmental actors and others.”

• cites Montague 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wilhelm von Humboldt launched a new kind of university that inextricably linked teaching and research and viewed both as inseparable core responsibilities of professors.

“In Germany, Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) launched a new kind of university (Paletschek 2002) that inextricably linked teaching and research (B4) and viewed both as inseparable core responsibilities of professors (Teichler et al. 2013).”

• cites Paletschek 2002 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Teichler et al. 2013 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Science needs freedom to make cutting-edge knowledge available and to nurture ideas from transdisciplinary discourses, and this cannot be achieved in a principal-agent relationship where funders control what is done and what is published.

“Science needs freedom to make cutting-edge knowledge available and to nurture and develop ideas that emerge from transdisciplinary discourses, e.g., groundbreaking ideas for sustainable transitioning.This cannot be achieved in a principal-agent relationship in which funders control what is done and what is published.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Transdisciplinarity processes were viewed as a basic means of sustainability learning.

“Transdisciplinarity processes were viewed as a basic means of sustainability learning (Scholz et al. 2006).”

• cites Scholz et al. 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Competitive economic issues and topics related to ballot-box agendas are excluded from transdisciplinary discourse to encourage open, creative, innovative thinking and switching from positions to interests.

“To encourage open, creative, innovative thinking and switching from positions to interests (Fischer et al. 1981), competitive economic issues and topics related to ballot-box agendas are excluded.”

• cites Fischer et al. 1981Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The necessity of joint problem definition, representation, and transformation by mutual learning and method-based knowledge integration from science and practice culminated in the ideal of science and practice co-leadership while retaining the full independence of science (as only sponsoring is considered).

“The necessity of joint problem definition, representation, and transformation by mutual learning (Scholz 2000;Scholz et al. 2000a, b) and (method-based) knowledge integration from science and practice culminated in the ideal of science and practice co-leadership while retaining the full independence of science (as only sponsoring is considered).”

• cites Scholz 2000Not checked yet

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• cites Scholz et al. 2000a, bNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

Open transdisciplinary processes directed to maintain the viability of important human and environmental systems require groundbreaking generalized, basic knowledge on sustainable transitioning.

“This is, for instance, required in open transdisciplinary processes directed to maintain the viability of important human and environmental systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Sustainable development is a matter of real-world system transitions, and not only knowledge but also social values that depend on individual and social systems' interests, values, needs, positions, and roles must be included in a balanced manner.

“As sustainable development is a matter of real-world system transitions, not only knowledge but also social values (i.e., drivers) that depend on individual and social systems' interests, values, needs, positions, and roles (Häberli and Grossenbacher-Mansuy 1998;Siebenhüner 2018) must be included in a balanced manner.”

• cites Häberli and Grossenbacher-Mansuy 1998Not checked yet

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• cites Siebenhüner 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Sustainable development is a matter of real-world system transitions.

May combine two claims.

Most SNF scientists were unfamiliar with transdisciplinarity and just included criteria formally in the proposal.

“Simplified, most SNF scientists were unfamiliar with transdisciplinarity and just included criteria formally in the proposal (Zscheischler and Rogga 2015).”

• cites Zscheischler and Rogga 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Socially robust orientations characterized by if/then reasoning are a main outcome of a transdisciplinary process.

“Socially robust orientations (instead of long lists of policy recommendations) characterized by an if/thenlike reasoning (if you want to attain A, do not do B because …) are a main outcome of a transdisciplinary process.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Governmental and societal demands that universities work for society by going beyond traditional teaching and research missions to visibly contribute to societal and economic problem-solving has been labeled the third mission.

“Governmental and societal demands that universities work for society by going beyond their traditional teaching and research missions to visibly contribute to societal and economic problem-solving has been labeled the “third mission” (Gulbrandsen and Slipersaeter 2007;Laredo 2007).”

• cites Gulbrandsen and Slipersaeter 2007Not checked yet

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• cites Laredo 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By placing too much emphasis on commercialization, universities lose the freedom of research and the resources needed for the production of groundbreaking generalized, basic knowledge on sustainable transitioning.

“Thereby, they lose the freedom of research and the resources needed for the production of groundbreaking generalized, basic knowledge on sustainable transitioning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Nazi takeover of universities began on November 11, 1933, with German academics making a commitment to Hitler, signed finally by about 900 professors.

“The Nazi takeover of universities began on November 11, 1933, with German academics making a commitment to Hitler (Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund 1933), signed finally by about 900 professors.”

• cites Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund 1933Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The necessity to understand and manage environmental degradation, damages, or risks and which animal species should be safeguarded promoted interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity.

“The necessity to understand and manage environmental degradation, damages, or risks and which (e.g., animal species) should be safeguarded promoted interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity.”

May combine two claims.

The elite university and the 1970s' type of university providing education and research for the public good became commercialized, and the number of universities increased.

“The elite university and the 1970s' type of university providing education and research for the public good became commercialized, and the number of universities increased.”

May combine two claims.

Third-mission-like, contract-based research does not allow for conceiving science as a public good; only sponsorship allows research freedom.

“This does not allow for third-mission-like, contract-based research (G3); only sponsorship allows research freedom (Shrestha et al. 2017) (A3).”

• cites Shrestha et al. 2017 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Science with society must supplement science for society as suggested by transdisciplinarity.

“Therefore, science with society must supplement science for society as suggested by transdisciplinarity (see Fig. 1, Box 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Only a few top-ranked universities in wealthy democratic countries can afford to follow an independent research variant.

“We may hypothesize that only a few top-ranked universities in wealthy democratic countries can afford to follow what we may call an independent research variant.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Only a few top-ranked universities in wealthy democratic countries can afford to follow an independent research variant.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As more than 85% of mineral phosphorus is used for fertilizer, the International Fertilizer Industry Association can be considered a proper representative.

“As more than 85% of mineral phosphorus is used for fertilizer, the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) can be considered a proper representative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

With the shift toward the knowledge society late in the 1980s, Mode 2 research, the third mission of universities, and a Triple Helix-like view on how universities may serve governmental and business interests developed.

“With the shift toward the knowledge society late in the 1980s, Mode 2 research, the third mission of universities that first focused support on national and regional industries, and a Triple Helix-like view on how universities may serve governmental and business interests developed.”

May combine two claims.

There has been no strategy for involving stakeholders, and practitioners have been missing on the SNF SPPU program board.

“There has been no strategy for involving stakeholders, and practitioners have been missing on the program board (Buser 1992).”

• cites Buser 1992Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Only the independent research variant allows the university to function as a mostly unbiased clearinghouse for science and for professors to function as honest knowledge brokers.

“We posit that only this variant allows the university to function as a (mostly unbiased) clearinghouse for science and for professors to function as honest knowledge brokers (Pielke 2007).”

• cites Pielke 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Industrial ecology embodies theories and methods which allow for a validation of statements on environmental systems.

“For instance, industrial ecology embodies theories and methods (Suh 2008) which allow for a validation of statements on environmental systems.”

• cites Suh 2008Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Reductions in public funding and a widely spread request towards privatization of research and education led to a departure from the ivory tower and to a global valorization of universities from a business and industry perspective.

“Together with reductions in public funding, a widely spread request towards privatization of research and education took place (Verger 2016).This led to a departure from the ivory tower and to a global valorization of universities from a business and industry perspective.”

• cites Verger 2016 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Transdisciplinary processes provide strategic sustainability management in a precompetitive stage of development, which cannot be attained by contract-based research.

“Transdisciplinary processes provide strategic sustainability management in a precompetitive stage of development.This cannot be attained by contract-based research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The practice of transdisciplinarity at the time of the Rio summit emerged from the stance that Earth is in a highly vulnerable state, and research on how to enable resilient coupled human-environment systems is sorely needed.

“The practice of transdisciplinarity at the time of the Rio summit emerged from the stance that Earth is in a highly vulnerable state, and research on how to enable resilient coupled human-environment systems is sorely needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Universities are at a multiple crossroads with paths to different forms of doing science for and with society.

“Universities are at a multiple crossroads with paths to different forms of doing science for and with society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Currently, there is a strong trend towards the capitalization of knowledge practice, although many universities may pursue different roads in various departments or projects.

“Currently, there is a strong trend towards the capitalization of knowledge practice, although many universities may pursue different roads in various departments or projects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Keeping the freedom and independence of research is a prerequisite of contributing to groundbreaking innovations of the digital transition.

“keep the freedom and independence of research (A3) is a prerequisite of contributing to groundbreaking innovations of the digital transition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Globally, about 50 large-scale transdisciplinary projects have followed the ETH model.

“Globally, about 50 large-scale transdisciplinary projects have followed this model (Scholz and Steiner 2015b).”

• cites Scholz and Steiner 2015bNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Scientific knowledge and education have become commercialized for various reasons, parallel but independent from the genesis of universities' sustainability research.

“Parallel but independent from the genesis of universities' (transdisciplinary) sustainability research, scientific knowledge and education have become commercialized for various reasons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Given the gravity of the capitalization trend, the objective of serving non-commercial societal demands may be conceived as secondary.

“But, given the gravity of the capitalization trend, this may be conceived as secondary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Successful transdisciplinarity practices have developed independent of the third mission in Europe, Japan, South Africa, and elsewhere.

“Against this background, successful transdisciplinarity practices have developed independent of the third mission (in Europe, Japan, South Africa, and elsewhere).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Transdisciplinarity and sustainability stress responsibility in the dichotomy between freedom and responsibility.

“When looking at the dichotomy between freedom vs. responsibility, transdisciplinarity and sustainability stress the latter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Systemic complexity and diverging societal interests linked to environmental issues call for transdisciplinary processes that link academic rigor with experiential wisdom when accepting the otherness of the other.

“The systemic complexity and the diverging societal interests linked to environmental issues call for transdisciplinary processes that link academic rigor with experiential wisdom (particularly contextualized knowledge) when accepting the otherness of the other (particularly societal values in their cultural settings).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Transdisciplinarity, as a methodology for producing groundbreaking sociotechnological innovation for resilient and sustainable human development, calls for the same level of research freedom as groundbreaking basic research.

“Thus, transdisciplinarity, as a methodology for producing groundbreaking sociotechnological innovation for resilient and sustainable human development, calls for the same level of research freedom as groundbreaking basic research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

For this reason, sponsorship rather than contract-based research is needed.

“For this reason, sponsorship rather than contract-based research is needed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The idea that science should be for a private good is in sharp contrast to the principle that transdisciplinary processes address open, ill-defined sustainable transitions that should benefit society and avoid any unwarranted losers.

“The idea that science should be for a private good (Samuelson 1947) is in sharp contrast to the principle that transdisciplinary processes address open, ill-defined sustainable transitions that should benefit society and avoid any unwarranted losers.”

• cites Samuelson 1947Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Co-leadership among science and practice must be a prerequisite for authentic involvement of practitioners.

“Co-leadership among science and practice must be a prerequisite for authentic involvement of practitioners (62).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Various transdisciplinary processes meet the ideal form of transdisciplinarity.

“Various transdisciplinary processes meet the ideal form of transdisciplinarity (see Box 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Commercialization has an educational side, including the question of what types of bachelor, master, and Ph.D. theses are offered.

“The commercialization has also an educational side.This includes the question of what types of bachelor, master, and Ph.D. theses are offered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The commercialization-capitalization view currently closely follows public justification pressure, which claims that universities should repay public investments by operating as knowledge market actors.

“The commercialization-capitalization view currently closely follows public (politics and tax-payer logic-based) justification pressure, which claims that universities should repay public investments to society by successfully operating as (knowledge) market actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The production of knowledge needs proper institutional structures such as disciplines that function as clearinghouses of knowledge, engines for condensing knowledge, and producers of fundamental grand theories.

“Yet the history of science and the university has taught us that the production of knowledge needs proper institutional structures such as disciplines that function efficiently as clearinghouses of knowledge (with respect to consistency and empirical validation), engines for condensing knowledge to make it efficiently and reliably accessible, and to produce fundamental, grand theories for natural,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Generating groundbreaking sociotechnological innovations and orientations for sustainability calls for discipline-based, interdisciplinary research, which is a key element of transdisciplinary processes.

“Generating such groundbreaking ideas calls for disciplinebased, interdisciplinary research, which is a key element of transdisciplinary processes (see Fig. 1).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Sustainability is a globally ratified regulating idea.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Groundbreaking transdisciplinary processes resemble basic research and may be viewed as basic applied research with society on societally relevant transitions.

“Groundbreaking transdisciplinary processes, thus, very much resemble basic research and may be viewed as basic applied research with society on societally relevant transitions (Fig. 1, upper right).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These processes allow for groundbreaking sociotechnological innovation for sustainable development.

“These processes allow for groundbreaking sociotechnological innovation for sustainable development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Currently, we are facing a range from disciplinary basic research via inner science or applied interdisciplinary research to problem-solving and technology development-oriented theses where students are placed in a company.

“Currently, we are facing a range from disciplinary basic research via inner science or applied interdisciplinary research to problem-solving and technology development-oriented theses where students are placed in a company.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

At the end of the opposite road we may find the idea to declare the university a private good and research as well as higher education as a social technology and critical infrastructure of society.

“At the end of the opposite road we may find the idea to declare the university a private good and research as well as (higher) education as a social technology and (critical) infrastructure of society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Transdisciplinarity is not only a means of providing third mission-oriented services but is a key part of the research mission of the university.

“Transdisciplinarity is not only a means of providing third mission-oriented services but-if we look at groundbreaking innovations-a key part of the research mission of the university.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Semiconductor Research Corporation, founded in 1982, is the world's premier international, university-based research consortium with member companies and research programs spanning the globe.

“such as the Semiconductor Research Corporation founded in 1982 (SRC 2019), which is the world's premier international, university-based research consortium with member companies and research programs spanning the globe.”

• cites SRC 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The proposition that groundbreaking basic scientific knowledge cannot be produced on command and does not result from short-term contract-based research holds true both for basic curiosity-driven and transdisciplinary research.

“This holds true both for basic curiosity driven and transdisciplinary research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the emerging knowledge and digital information age, groundbreaking basic scientific knowledge cannot be produced on command and does not result from short-term, contract-based research.

“In the emerging knowledge and (digital) information age, groundbreaking basic scientific knowledge cannot be produced on command and does not result from short-term, contract-based research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The classical range between basic and applied research has been extended.

“The classical range between basic and applied research has been extended.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Piaget stated that the acquisition of higher-ordered knowledge calls for institutions that codify, restructure, condense, and teach relevant knowledge thus far acquired in human history, and this can be guaranteed only by public institutions such as universities.

“Piaget stated that the acquisition of higher-ordered knowledge (which goes beyond mental operations on what is directly perceivable) calls for institutions that codify, restructure, condense, and teach the relevant knowledge thus far acquired in human history in order to have efficient access.This can be guaranteed only by public institutions such as universities.”

• cites Piaget 1968Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The management of any university today is facing the situation of finding a smart allocation among multiple functions and services.

“In principle, the management of any university today is facing the situation of finding a smart allocation among multiple functions and services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

From the societal side, research for society is usually promoted by special research programs or funding ranging in topics and scopes.

“Looking from the societal side, research for society is usually promoted by special research programs or funding ranging in topics and scopes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The idea to introduce transdisciplinary research institutions was already suggested at the Zürich 2000 transdisciplinarity conference under the label 'Transdisciplinarity Colleges'.

“The idea to introduce such institutions has already been suggested at the Zürich 2000 transdisciplinarity conference under the label “Transdisciplinarity Colleges” (Scholz and Marks 2001).”

• cites Scholz and Marks 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Disciplines preserve and develop sound, properly validated, and fraud-resistant scientific knowledge on how abiotic and biotic processes work.

“Disciplines preserve and develop sound, properly validated, and (it is hoped) fraud-resistant scientific knowledge on how abiotic and biotic processes (including the rationale drivers of social/human systems) work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The continuous, robust, reliable access of science is a basic societal infrastructure and common good of the forthcoming knowledge and information age.

“continuous, robust, reliable access of science is a basic societal infrastructure and common good of the forthcoming knowledge and information age.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The tensions between the different lines are caused by the social drivers linked to them.

“The tensions between the different lines are caused by the social drivers linked to them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The commercialization-capitalization view follows short-term rationales and lacks insight into the value and function of resilient, long-term, phylogenetic knowledge and science development.

“This is following short-term rationales, lacking the insight into the value and function of resilient, long-term, phylogenetic knowledge and science development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The free capitalized knowledge market approach ignores the rationale of science development, as shown by Soviet socialism's abandonment of Mendelian genetics and Aryan physics.

“In principle, this approach ignores the rationale of science development as has been the case with the examples of the Soviet socialism worldview that abandoned Mendelian genetic approaches to evolution or the reasoning toward Aryan physics, which has to follow principles of simple order and understandability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From the commercial side of the third-mission perspective, there is a broad scope of forms and modes of cooperation regarding how universities work for and with industry.

“If we take a look from the commercial side of the thirdmission perspective, we are facing a broad scope of forms and modes of cooperation regarding how universities work for and with industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Governing for the public good is not a matter of volatile markets but one of long-term and sustainable public governance that properly considers the role of the university as a key institution for making higher knowledge available.

“Governing for the public good is not a matter of volatile markets but one of long-term and sustainable public governance that properly considers the role of the university as a key institution for making higher knowledge available.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The university is not a company whose main purpose is to efficiently produce products for the market or to support governmental political programs.

“The university is not a company whose main purpose is to efficiently produce products for the market or to support governmental political programs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Transdisciplinary research is fully part of the research mission of the university.

“Thus, the way we conceive transdisciplinarity, transdisciplinary research is fully part of the research mission of the university.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The idea to conceive of universities as smart, capitalized, innovative, problem-solving providers, as suggested by Etzkowitz, is portraying the end of one turn at the crossroads.

“The idea to conceive of universities as smart, capitalized, innovative, problem-solving providers, as suggested by Etzkowitz (2017), is portraying the end of one turn at the crossroads.”

• cites Etzkowitz 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.