Learning Functional Causal Models with Generative Neural Networks

ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks

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Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

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Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder–Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation

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Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search

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Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function

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Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference

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Deep neural networks for acoustic modeling in speech recognition: the shared views of four research groups

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Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets

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Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networks

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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI

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Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

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Explanation Methods in Deep Learning: Users, Values, Concerns and Challenges

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D’ya Like DAGs? A Survey on Structure Learning and Causal Discovery

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Causal Confusion in Imitation LearningPreprint

de Haan, P., Jayaraman, D., & Levine, S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.11979 · Cited by 161

Causal Discovery with Reinforcement LearningPreprint

Zhu, S., Ng, I., & Chen, Z. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.04477 · Cited by 229

Causal Inference Meets Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Survey

Jiao, L., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Li, L., Liu, F., Ma, W., Guo, Y., Chen, P., Yang, S., & Hou, B. (2024) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0467 · Cited by 141

Conditional variance penalties and domain shift robustness

Heinze‐Deml, C., & Meinshausen, N. (2020) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-020-05924-1 · Cited by 132

Learning sparse nonparametric DAGs.

Zheng, X., Dan, C., Aragam, B., Ravikumar, P., & Xing, E. P. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.13189 · Cited by 103

Gradient-Based Neural DAG LearningPreprint

Lachapelle, S., Brouillard, P., Deleu, T., & Lacoste-Julien, S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.02226 · Cited by 99

Deep Structural Causal Models for Tractable Counterfactual InferencePreprint

Pawlowski, N., Castro, D. C., & Glocker, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.06485 · Cited by 118

Feature importance in machine learning models: A fuzzy information fusion approach

Rengasamy, D., Mase, J. M., Kumar, A., Rothwell, B. C., Torres, M. T., Alexander, M. R., Winkler, D. A., & Figueredo, G. P. (2022) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2022.09.053 · Cited by 97

Causal Recurrent Variational Autoencoder for Medical Time Series Generation

Li, H., Yu, S., & Príncipe, J. C. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i7.26031 · Cited by 92

Learning the implicit strain reconstruction in ultrasound elastography using privileged information

Gao, Z., Wu, S., Liu, Z., Luo, J., Zhang, H., Gong, M., & Li, S. (2019) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2019.101534 · Cited by 73

Masked Gradient-Based Causal Structure Learning

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A neural network oracle for quantum nonlocality problems in networks

Kriváchy, T., Cai, Y., Cavalcanti, D., Tavakoli, A., Gisin, N., & Brunner, N. (2020) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-020-00305-x · Cited by 67

Learning Neural Causal Models from Unknown InterventionsPreprint

Ke, N., Bilaniuk, O., Goyal, A., Bauer, S., Larochelle, H., Pal, C., & Bengio, Y. (2019) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.01075 · Cited by 194

Ethically Responsible Machine Learning in Fintech

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Local and global explanations of agent behavior: Integrating strategy summaries with saliency maps

Huber, T., Weitz, K., André, E., & Amir, O. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2021.103571 · Cited by 53

Causal Network Modeling of the Determinants of Drinking Behavior in Comorbid Alcohol Use and Anxiety Disorder

Anker, J. J., Kummerfeld, E., Rix, A., Burwell, S. J., & Kushner, M. G. (2018) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13914 · Cited by 52

Le moment big data des sciences sociales

Bastin, G., & Tubaro, P. (2018) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.3917/rfs.593.0375 · Cited by 60

A survey of causal discovery based on functional causal model

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The use of artificial intelligence tools in cancer detection compared to the traditional diagnostic imaging methods: An overview of the systematic reviews

da Silva, H. E. C., Santos, G. N. M., Leite, A. F., Mesquita, C. R. M., Figueiredo, P. T. D. S., Stefani, C. M., & de Melo, N. S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292063 · Cited by 61

Causal analysis of competing atomistic mechanisms in ferroelectric materials from high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy data

Ziatdinov, M. A., Nelson, C. T., Zhang, X., Vasudevan, R. K., Eliseev, E. А., Morozovska, A. N., Takeuchi, I., & Kalinin, S. V. (2020) · npj Computational Materials · doi:10.1038/s41524-020-00396-2 · Cited by 38

Neural Network Weight Comparison for Industrial Causality Discovering and Its Soft Sensing Application

He, Y., Kong, X., Yao, L., & Ge, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3222401 · Cited by 37

A stable soft sensor based on causal inference and graph convolutional network for batch processes

Wang, J., Sui, E., Wang, W., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., & Li, J. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125692 · Cited by 35

Causal Inference via Kernel Deviance MeasuresPreprint

Mitrovic, J., Sejdinović, D., & Teh, Y. W. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1804.04622 · Cited by 31

Causal Discovery Toolbox: Uncover causal relationships in PythonPreprint

Kalainathan, D., & Goudet, O. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.02278 · Cited by 31

The Causal-Neural Connection: Expressiveness, Learnability, and InferencePreprint

Xia, K., Lee, K.-Z., Bengio, Y., & Bareinboim, E. (2021) · Neural Information Processing Systems · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.00793 · Cited by 162

Guarding Against Adversarial Domain Shifts with Counterfactual Regularization.Preprint

Heinze‐Deml, C., & Meinshausen, N. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 32

Agnostic Feature Selection

Doquet, G., & Sébag, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46150-8_21 · Cited by 29

Learning Attention Propagation for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning

Khan, M. G. Z. A., Naeem, M. F., van Gool, L., Pagani, A., Stricker, D., & Afzal, M. Z. (2022) · IEEE Workshop/Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv56688.2023.00382 · Cited by 38

D’ARTAGNAN: Counterfactual Video Generation

Reynaud, H., Vlontzos, A., Dombrowski, M., Lee, C. M., Beqiri, A., Leeson, P., & Kainz, B. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16452-1_57 · Cited by 25

The relevance of causation in robotics: A review, categorization, and analysis

Hellström, T. (2021) · Paladyn Journal of Behavioral Robotics · doi:10.1515/pjbr-2021-0017 · Cited by 30

Scalable Causal Structure Learning: Scoping Review of Traditional and Deep Learning Algorithms and New Opportunities in Biomedicine

Upadhyaya, P., Zhang, K., Li, C., Jiang, X., & Kim, Y. (2022) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/38266 · Cited by 22

Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Genomic Sequence for Healthcare Systems Prediction

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Adversarial relationship graph learning soft sensor via negative information exclusion

Jia, M., Yang, C., Pan, Z., Liu, Q., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Process Control · doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2024.103354 · Cited by 18

Estimating categorical counterfactuals via deep twin networks

Vlontzos, A., Kainz, B., & Lee, C. M. (2023) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00611-x · Cited by 30

Causal Generative Domain Adaptation NetworksPreprint

Gong, M., Zhang, K., Huang, B., Glymour, C., Tao, D., & Batmanghelich, K. N. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1804.04333 · Cited by 17

Automatic detection of cognitive impairment in patients with white matter hyperintensity and causal analysis of related factors using artificial intelligence of MRI

Feng, J., Hui, D., Zheng, Q., Guo, Y., Xia, Y., Shi, F., Zhou, Q., Yu, F., He, X., Wang, S., et al. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108684 · Cited by 14

Causal Discovery from Incomplete Data: A Deep Learning ApproachPreprint

Wang, Y., Menkovski, V., Wang, H., Du, X., & Pechenizkiy, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.05343 · Cited by 16

Reinforcement Causal Structure Learning on Order Graph

Yang, D., Yu, G., Wang, J., Wu, Z., & Guo, M. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i9.26274 · Cited by 15

Gender and sex bias in COVID-19 epidemiological data through the lens of causality

Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Binkytė, R., Bakkali, W., Bookseller, S., Tubaro, P., Bacevičius, A., Zhioua, S., & Chatila, R. (2023) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103276 · Cited by 15

Answerable and Unanswerable Questions in Risk Analysis with Open‐World Novelty

Cox, L. A. (2020) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13553 · Cited by 18

Meta Learning for Causal Direction

Ton, J.-F., Sejdinović, D., & Fukumizu, K. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i11.17189 · Cited by 14

Efficient and Scalable Structure Learning for Bayesian Networks: Algorithms and Applications

Zhu, R., Pfadler, A., Wu, Z., Han, Y., Yang, X., Ye, F., Qian, Z., Zhou, J., & Cui, B. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE) · doi:10.1109/icde51399.2021.00292 · Cited by 14

Explainable AI for Fighting COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abiodun, M. K., Awotunde, J. B., Aremu, D. R., & Adeniyi, A. E. (2022) · Disruptive technologies and digital transformations for society 5.0 · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3783-4_15 · Cited by 17

Leveraging Directed Causal Discovery to Detect Latent Common Causes in Cause-Effect Pairs

Lee, C. M., Hart, C., Richens, J. G., & Johri, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3205128 · Cited by 13

Review of machine learning solutions for eating disorders

Ghosh, S., Burger, P. C., Simeunovic-Ostojic, M., Maas, J., & Petković, M. (2024) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105526 · Cited by 15

Revealing the Roles of Part-of-Speech Taggers in Alzheimer Disease Detection: Scientific Discovery Using One-Intervention Causal Explanation

Wen, B., Wang, N., Subbalakshmi, K. P., & Chandramouli, R. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/36590 · Cited by 11

Inferring brain causal and temporal-lag networks for recognizing abnormal patterns of dementia

Xia, Z., Zhou, T., Mamoon, S., & Lu, J. (2024) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2024.103133 · Cited by 12

Graph-Attention-Based Casual Discovery With Trust Region-Navigated Clipping Policy Optimization

Liu, S., Feng, Y., Wu, K., Cheng, G., Huang, J., & Liu, Z. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2021.3116762 · Cited by 10

Causal Mosaic: Cause-Effect Inference via Nonlinear ICA and Ensemble MethodPreprint

Wu, P., & Fukumizu, K. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.01894 · Cited by 10

Chinese experts’ consensus on the application of intensive care big data

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Out-of-Sample Tuning for Causal Discovery

Biza, K., Tsamardinos, I., & Triantafillou, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3185842 · Cited by 9

Explainable AI (XAI)

Bialkova, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56471-0_11 · Cited by 8

Causal Discovery for Observational Sciences Using Supervised Machine Learning

Petersen, A. H., Ramsey, J., Ekstrøm, C. T., & Spirtes, P. (2023) · Journal of Data Science · doi:10.6339/23-jds1088 · Cited by 8

Nonparametric Quantile-Based Causal DiscoveryPreprint

Tagasovska, N., Vatter, T., & Chavez‐Demoulin, V. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 8

Distinguishing Cause from Effect Using Quantiles: Bivariate Quantile Causal DiscoveryPreprint

Tagasovska, N., Chavez‐Demoulin, V., & Vatter, T. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1801.10579 · Cited by 8

Causal generative explainers using counterfactual inference: a case study on the Morpho-MNIST dataset

Taylor-Melanson, W., Sadeghi, Z., & Matwin, S. (2024) · Pattern Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1007/s10044-024-01306-8 · Cited by 7

Explainability of Leverage Points Exploration for Customer Churn Prediction

Wang, D. Y. C., Jordanger, L. A., & Lin, J. C. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386857 · Cited by 7

Scene Graph to Image Synthesis via Knowledge Consensus

Wu, Y., Wei, P., & Lin, L. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i3.25387 · Cited by 6

Resolving Spurious Correlations in Causal Models of Environments via InterventionsPreprint

Volodin, S., Wichers, N., & Nixon, J. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.05217 · Cited by 19

Do learned representations respect causal relationships?

Wang, L., & Boddeti, V. N. (2022) · Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00036 · Cited by 9

CausalFlow: Visual Analytics of Causality in Event SequencesPreprint

Xie, X., He, M., & Wu, Y. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.11899 · Cited by 5

Estimating the probabilities of causation via deep monotonic twin networks.Preprint

Vlontzos, A., Kainz, B., & Lee, C. M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 5

Neural Causal Abstractions

Xia, K., & Bareinboim, E. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i18.30044 · Cited by 4

Disentangled representations for causal cognition

Torresan, F., & Baltieri, M. (2024) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2024.10.003 · Cited by 5

Causal discovery and fault diagnosis based on mixed data types for system reliability modeling

Wang, X., Jiang, S., Li, X., & Wang, M. (2025) · Complex & Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01740-5 · Cited by 4

A Bayesian Model for Bivariate Causal Inference

Kurthen, M., & Enßlin, T. A. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e22010046 · Cited by 4

Estimating causal effects with the neural autoregressive density estimator

Garrido, S., Borysov, S. S., Rich, J., & Pereira, F. C. (2021) · Journal of Causal Inference · doi:10.1515/jci-2020-0007 · Cited by 4

Application of Interpretable Artificial Intelligence Enabled Cognitive Internet of Things for COVID-19 Pandemics

Awotunde, J. B., Jimoh, R. G., Adeniyi, A. E., Ayo, F. E., Ajamu, G. J., & Aremu, D. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38036-5_11 · Cited by 5

A Critical View of the Structural Causal ModelPreprint

Galanti, T., Nabati, O., & Wolf, L. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.10007 · Cited by 4

Causal Structure Discovery for Industrial Process Monitoring: A Novel Approach for Nonlinear Systems With Complex Noise

Cao, L., Su, J., & Luo, Y. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3653158 · Cited by 3

UCLN: Toward the Causal Understanding of Brain Disorders With Temporal Lag Dynamics

Mamoon, S., Xia, Z., Alfakih, A., & Lu, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3471646 · Cited by 3

An Information Theoretic Learning for Causal Direction Identification

Wu, H., & Wang, M. D. (2020) · IEEE Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC) · doi:10.1109/compsac48688.2020.0-231 · Cited by 3

Causality in Machine Learning: Innovating Model Generalization through Inference of Causal Relationships from Observational DataPreprint

Morandé, S., & Tewari, V. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/p7mmgr · Cited by 3

ANHP: Adaptive Neural Hawkes Processes for Causal Structure Learning on Event Sequences

Chang, Y., Chen, D., Cai, Y., & Yu, W. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3647868 · Cited by 2

Deciphering the drivers of direct and indirect damages to companies from an unprecedented flood event: A data-driven, multivariate probabilistic approach

Guntu, R. K., Mohor, G. S., Thieken, A. H., Müller, M., & Kreibich, H. (2026) · Natural hazards and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/nhess-26-163-2026 · Cited by 2

A Self-Interpretable Deep Learning Soft Sensor Based on Spatio-Temporal Causal Discovery Graph

Tian, X., Liu, H., & Guo, R. (2024) · International Conference on Cyber-Energy Systems and Intelligent Energy (ICCSIE) · doi:10.1109/iccsie61360.2024.10698063 · Cited by 2

Determining interaction directionality in complex biochemical networks from stationary measurements

Leibovich, N. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86332-0 · Cited by 2

A Genetic Algorithm for Causal Discovery Based on Structural Causal Model

Chen, Z., Liu, K., & Jiao, W. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20503-3_4 · Cited by 2

Data Imputation with Adversarial Neural Networks for Causal Discovery from Subsampled Time Series

Muñoz, J., & Sucar, L. E. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47640-2_4 · Cited by 1

Causal learning with sufficient statistics: an information bottleneck approachPreprint

Chicharro, D., Besserve, M., & Panzeri, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.05375 · Cited by 4

Causal inference using deep neural networksPreprint

Yuan, Y., Ding, X., & Bar‐Joseph, Z. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.12508 · Cited by 2

Scalable Causal Structure Learning: New Opportunities in Biomedicine.Preprint

Upadhyaya, P., Zhang, K., Li, C., Jiang, X., & Kim, Y. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 2

Generative Neural Networks to infer Causal Mechanisms : algorithms and applications

Kalainathan, D. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4bd15818ze3aez49f9z9497z9fea5ce8385d · Cited by 7

Integrating Overlapping Datasets Using Bivariate Causal Discovery

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Causal Inference Based Hierarchical Regression Model for Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation

Song, X., Zan, X., Fu, Z., & Ding, X. (2024) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782557 · Cited by 1

Predicting Song Popularity by Analyzing Audio Features of Spotify Bengali Tracks across Diverse Genres

Shil, T., Afrin, S., Hossain, N., Saha, P., Maitra, P., & Anwar, M. (2025) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering · doi:10.1109/ecce64574.2025.11013466 · Cited by 1

Causal Discovery from Observational Data

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A Survey on Missing Data Generation in Networks

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Are we ready for causal discovery in biological systems using deep learning?

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High-dimensional causal discovery based on heuristic causal partitioning

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Bayesian Causal Inference.Preprint

Kurthen, M., & Enßlin, T. A. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1

Teaching deep learning causal effects improves predictive performance.Preprint

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A novel method for Causal Structure Discovery from EHR data: A demonstration on type-2 diabetes mellitusPreprint

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Efficient and Scalable Structure Learning for Bayesian Networks: Algorithms and ApplicationsPreprint

Zhu, R., Pfadler, A., Wu, Z., Han, Y., Yang, X., Ye, F., Qian, Z., Zhou, J., & Cui, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.03540 · Cited by 1

Applying natural language models and causal models to project management systems

Morganti, C. (2018) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Beyond Cause-Effect Pairs

Eberhardt, F. (2019) · The Springer series on challenges in machine learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21810-2_6

Causal Generative Neural NetworksPreprint

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