The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Data and phenomena
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Kuhn, T. S., & Schlegel, R. (1963) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3050879 · Cited by 35,538
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,252
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Bohm, D., & Kuhn, T. S. (1964) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2217783 · Cited by 9,130
Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science
Hacking, I. (1983) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814563 · Cited by 4,814
Fraassen, B. C. V. (1980) · doi:10.1093/0198244274.001.0001 · Cited by 4,682
Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
Anderson, J. R. (2014) · Cited by 4,121
Nagel, E., & Hawkins, D. (1961) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.1937571 · Cited by 3,667
Demopoulos, W., & van Fraassen, B. C. (1982) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184804 · Cited by 3,311
Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing
Klayman, J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.211 · Cited by 2,094
Cartwright, N. (1983) · doi:10.1093/0198247044.001.0001 · Cited by 2,082
Explanation and Scientific Understanding
Friedman, M. (1974) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2024924 · Cited by 1,386 · cited 6×
“Additional examples of this strategy are described in both Galison (1982) and Franklin (1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialKitcher, P. (1981) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/289019 · Cited by 1,129
Bogen, J., & Woodward, J. (1988) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2185445 · Cited by 938
Self-citationCognitive Psychology and Its Implications
West, A. N. (1981) · The Journal of mind and behavior · Cited by 824
The Structure of Biological Science
Rosenberg, A. (1985) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171724 · Cited by 723
The Structure of Scientific Theories
D., C. P., & Suppe, F. (1978) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421551 · Cited by 709
The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice
Thagard, P. R. (1978) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2025686 · Cited by 606
Franklin, A. (1986) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511624896 · Cited by 555
Confirmation Bias in a Simulated Research Environment: An Experimental Study of Scientific Inference
Mynatt, C. R., Doherty, M. E., & Tweney, R. D. (1977) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335557743000053 · Cited by 513
Hemoglobin: Structure, function, evolution, and pathology
Brunori, M. (1984) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/0968-0004(84)90080-x · Cited by 509
Hemoglobin : structure, function, evolution, and pathology
Dickerson, R. E., & Geis, I. (1983) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 451
Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!
Tamari, V., & Feynman, R. P. (1986) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1578389 · Cited by 412
Collins, H. M. (1975) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/003803857500900202 · Cited by 400
DO WE SEE THROUGH A MICROSCOPE?
Hacking, I. (1981) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.1981.tb00070.x · Cited by 226
Pinch, T. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7729-8 · Cited by 213
Subelectrons, Presuppositions, and the Millikan-Ehrenhaft Dispute
Holton, G. (1978) · Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences · doi:10.2307/27757378 · Cited by 196
Observation, Experiment, and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science
Holyoke, T. C., Achinstein, P., & Hannaway, O. (1986) · The Antioch Review · doi:10.2307/4611570 · Cited by 189
Son of Seven Sexes: The Social Destruction of a Physical Phenomenon
Collins, H. M. (1981) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631278101100103 · Cited by 181
Will, C. M. (2005) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.200651801-203 · Cited by 147
Elements of Early Modern Physics
Heilbron, J. L. (1982) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520309982 · Cited by 144
Klotz, I. M. (1980) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0580-168 · Cited by 137
The gravitational red shift as a test of general relativity: History and analysis
Earman, J., & Glymour, C. (1980) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/0039-3681(80)90025-4 · Cited by 115
Theory-Building and Data Analysis in the Social Sciences
Asher, H. B. (1983) · Cited by 51
Replicating Replication? Aspects of the Social Construction of Learning in Planarian Worms
Travis, G. D. L. (1981) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631278101100102 · Cited by 50
Constraints on Controversy: The Case of the Magnetic Monopole
Pickering, A. (1981) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631278101100104 · Cited by 42
Cited by
Epistemologically authentic inquiry in schools: A theoretical framework for evaluating inquiry tasks
Chinn, C. A., & Malhotra, B. A. (2002) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.10001 · Cited by 1,302
Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress
Chang, H. (2004) · doi:10.1093/0195171276.001.0001 · Cited by 883
Theory Construction Methodology: A Practical Framework for Building Theories in Psychology
Borsboom, D., van der Maas, H. L. J., Dalege, J., Kievit, R. A., & Haig, B. D. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620969647 · Cited by 382
An Abductive Theory of Scientific Method.
Haig, B. D. (2005) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.10.4.371 · Cited by 346
(1995) · Cited by 234
Metadata
- Authors
- Woodward, J.
- Venue
- Synthese
- Published
- 1989-06
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 393-472
- ISSN
- 0039-7857 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0964
- OpenAlex
- W1978113783
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 35
- FWCI
- 12.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
