The structure of scytonemin, an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria
Abstract
Despite knowledge of the existence of the pigment called scytonemin for over 100 years, its structure has remained unsolved until now. This pigment, the first shown to be an effective, photo-stable ultraviolet shield in prokaryotes, is a novel dimeric molecule (molec. wt. 544) of indolic and phenolic subunits and is known only from the sheaths enclosing the cells of cyanobacteria. It is probable that scytonemin is formed from a condensation of tryptophan- and phenylpropanoid-derived subunits. The linkage between these units is unique among natural products and this novel ring structure is here termed the 'scytoneman skeleton'. Scytonemin absorbs strongly and broadly in the spectral region 325-425 nm (UV-A-violet-blue, with an in vivo maximum at 370 nm). However, there is also major absorption in the UV-C (lambda max = 250 nm) and UV-B (280-320 nm). The pigment has been recently shown to provide significant protection to cyanobacteria against damage by ultraviolet radiation. The pigment occurs in all phylogenetic lines of sheathed cyanobacteria and possibly represents a UV screening strategy far more ancient than that of plant flavonoids and animal melanins. How diverse organisms deal with UV radiation is considered of vital importance to global ecology.
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Metabolites from extracts of cyanobacteria Stigonema sp., Scytonema sp. and Lyngbya sp. include scytonemin (44) and are photoprotective with λmax = 252, 278, 300, 386 nm.
“| Metabolite from extracts of cyanobacteria Stigonema sp., Scytonema sp. and Lyngbya sp. | Scytonemin (44) | Photoprotective | λmax = 252, 278, 300, 386 nm | [121] |”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Scytonemin (44) has absorbance maxima at λmax = 252, 278, 300, and 386 nm.
“scytonemin (44), a pigment and secondary metabolite produced by cyanobacteria Stigonema sp., Scytonema sp., and Lyngbya sp., was described as a potential broad-spectrum photoprotective agent due to its diverse maximum peak of absorbance (λmax = 252, 278, 300, 386 nm) [121].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Scytonemin (44) is a potential broad-spectrum photoprotective agent.
“scytonemin (44), a pigment and secondary metabolite produced by cyanobacteria Stigonema sp., Scytonema sp., and Lyngbya sp., was described as a potential broad-spectrum photoprotective agent due to its diverse maximum peak of absorbance (λmax = 252, 278, 300, 386 nm) [121].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
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An Enzymatic Cyclopentyl[b]indole Formation Involved in Scytonemin Biosynthesis
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Cyanobacteria: Applications in Biotechnology
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- Authors
- Proteau, P. J., Gerwick, W. H., Garcia-Pichel, F., & Castenholz, R.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Venue
- Experientia
- Published
- 1993-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 825-829
- ISSN
- 1420-682X (ISSN-L)
- 0014-4754
- 1420-9071
- OpenAlex
- W1979948787
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA52955)
- National Center for Research Resources (NIH RR04039, DRR 1S10RR01409)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Keywords
- scytonemin, UV protection, UV-absorbing pigments, tryptophan, phenylpropanoids, UV screening, photostability, UVB absorption, UVA absorption, natural product structure
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Indoles, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Phenols, Pigments, Biological, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Molecular Structure, Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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