The modulation of sensory input and motor output in autistic children

Ornitz, Edward M.

doi:10.1007/bf02115226

Cited by 217Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchMotor Control and AdaptationGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The modulation of sensory input and motor output in autistic children

Ornitz, Edward M.·1974·Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia

DOI 10.1007/bf02115226

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Differences in vestibular and proprioceptive processing are a robust observation in the ASD literature.
“Differences in vestibular and proprioceptive processing are a robust observation in the ASD literature (Ornitz, 1974)”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Ornitz, 1974

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Describing the Sensory Abnormalities of Children and Adults with Autism
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“smell, taste, touch, kin aesthetic and mixed) abnormalities are commonly reported in autism (Ornitz, 1974; Wing, 1969) and it has been suggested that these are particularly impaired in autism relative to distal impairments (vision and hearing) (Goldfarb, 1956).”
Background
Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism.
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“These patterns establish controllable and thus very predictable proprioceptive (kinesthetic) feedback, that helps individuals with ASD to better cope with their environment (Ornitz, 1974).”
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Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism
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“Early reports of autism emphasised the children’s unusual gaze behaviour (Ornitz, 1976).”
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“Stimming seemed to give autistic people a mechanism of behavioural control to self-regulate a state of emotional hyperarousal, amid a bombardment of overwhelming sensations or thoughts, consistent with classical and modern theories of autism (e.g. Delacato, 1974; Ornitz, 1974; Pellicano & Burr, 2012).”
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“A subgroup of children who are hyporeactive exhibit sensory-seeking behaviors (i.e. they appear to seek intense stimulation to increase their arousal) that may manifest as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior (Ornitz, 1974; Schaaf et al., 2011).”
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“Ornitz (Ornitz & Rivto, 1968; Ornitz, 1969, 1974) was also concerned with the repetitive motor behaviours exhibited by children with autism but attributed these to problems in the processing of sensory input.”
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Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“Differences in vestibular and proprioceptive processing are a robust observation in the ASD literature (Ornitz, 1974), and are a major focus of sensory integration therapy (Ayres and Tickle, 1980; Smoot Reinert et al.”
Background
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“…behaviors (such as placing hands over ears in response to typical levels of auditory input), sensory seeking (twirling, chewing, et cetera) and ‘tuning out’ behaviors (such as not responding to their name or other environmental cues) (Rogers et al., 2003; Ornitz, 1974; Tomchek and Dunn, 2007).”
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“This is particularly evident with respect to the auditory modality (Hermelin and OÕConnor, 1970; Ornitz, 1974; Dahlgren and Gillberg, 1989; Rosenhall et al., 1999).”
Relations among restricted and repetitive behaviors, anxiety and sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorders
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“This would support the original view of Ornitz & Ritvo (1976) and Ornitz (1974) of ASD being associated with fluctuating states of under-arousal and over-arousal, and RRB representing ongoing attempt to correct imbalances in arousal to achieve optimal stimulation (Zentall & Zentall, 1983).”
Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
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“Since then, sensory symptoms have been speculated to contribute to aberrant social, communication, and repetitive behaviors (Ornitz, 1974; Lovaas, Newsom, & Hickman, 1987), but have not been included among the core diagnostic symptoms because of a need for stronger empirical evidence for their…”
Background
Hyper-responsivity to Touch and Vestibular Stimuli as a Predictor of Positive Response to Sensory Integration Procedures by Autistic Children
Ayres, A. J., & Tickle‐Degnen, L. (1980) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.34.6.375 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Discrimination in Autism Within Different Sensory Modalities
O’Riordan, M., & Passetti, F. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0106-1 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Sensory Extinction: A procedure for eliminating self-stimulatory behavior in developmentally disabled children
Rincover, A. (1978) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00924733 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Various motivational theories have been proposed to account for self-stimulatory behavior, including dysfunctioning connections between the vestibular system and the cerebellum or brainstem (Ornitz, 1974), frustration (Forehand & Baumeister, 1971), social deprivation (Harlow & Harlow, 1971), superstitious conditioning…”
Background
Postural control in children with autism
Kohen‐Raz, R., Volkman, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01048244 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“Brain centers involved in postural control have been assumed to be dysfunctional in the various neuroanatomical models of autism, for example, the brain-stem vestibular theory ( Ornitz, 1973 ), the mesocortical theory (Damasio & Maurer, 1978), and the recent cerebellar theory (Courchesne, Young-Courchesne, Press, Hess…”
Background
The syndrome of autism: a critical review
Ornitz, E. M., & RITVO, E. R. (1976) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.133.6.609 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Autism: A world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain?
Gepner, B., & Feron, F. P. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.006 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Interestingly, visuo-postural mis-coupling is a good example of sensory-motor coupling disorders described 40 years ago (Ornitz & Ritvo, 1968; Ornitz, 1974).”
Background
Neurophysiological indices of atypical auditory processing and multisensory integration are associated with symptom severity in autism
Brandwein, A. B., Foxe, J. J., Butler, J. S., Frey, H.-P., Bates, J. C., Shulman, L. H., & Molholm, S. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2212-9 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“2014), and even that failure to develop normal modulation and integration of sensory inputs is at the root of autism (i.e., ‘Sensory Integration Theory’ from Ayres 1979; Brock et al. 2002; Frith 1996; Happé 2005; Hermelin and O’Connor 1970; Hutt et al. 1964; Just et al. 2004b; Mottron et al. 2006b; Ornitz 1974; Ornitz…”
Background
The Effects of Occupational Therapy With Sensory Integration Emphasis on Preschool-Age Children With Autism
Case‐Smith, J., & Bryan, T. (1999) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.53.5.489 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Autistic Children Who Become Schizophrenic
Petty, L. K. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790130023003 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Goal Directed Locomotion and Balance Control in Autistic Children
Vernazza-Martin, S., Martin, N., Vernazza, A. Q., Pellec, A. L., Rufo, M., Massion, J., & Assaiante, C. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1037-3 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Such motor function disturbances are an important aspect of the description of autism and constitute a clear indication of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in autism (Courchesne et al., 1994; Jones & Prior, 1985; Lelord, Garregu, Barthelemy, Bruneau, & Sauvage, 1986; Maurer & Damasio, 1982; Ornitz, 1974 ).”
Background
International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation
Tower, K. (2010) · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Cognitive abilities and disabilities in infantile autism: A review
Prior, M. R. (1979) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917609 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Auditory associative cortex dysfunction in children with autism: evidence from late auditory evoked potentials (N1 wave–T complex)
Bruneau, N., Roux, S., Adrien, J., & Barthélémy, C. (1999) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00149-2 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“While all modalities are affected, these abnormalities are particularly evident in the auditory modality (Bergman and Escalona, 1949; Goldfarb, 1963; Ornitz and Ritvo, 1968; Ornitz, 1974, 1989; Hayes and Gordon, 1977; Dahlgren and Gillberg, 1989).”
Background
Postural effects of motion vision in young autistic children
Gepner, B., Mestre, D., Masson, G. S., & de Schonen, S. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199505300-00034 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Brief Report: Postural Reactivity to Fast Visual Motion Differentiates Autistic from Children with Asperger Syndrome
Gepner, B., & Mestre, D. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1015410015859 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Finally, it was argued by Ornitz (1974) that the “maturational lag” that has been observed in autistic children is manifest in their need to receive feedback from self-generated responses in order to learn.”
Background
Auditory brainstem responses in autism: Brainstem dysfunction or peripheral hearing loss?
Klin, A. (1993) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01066416 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Slowed orienting of covert visual-spatial attention in autism: Specific deficits associated with cerebellar and parietal abnormality
Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., & Egaas, B. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007276 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Neuropsychological syndromes that 1988); a brainstem, or brainstem-cerebellar involve a variety of diverse behavioral padisorder (Ornitz, 1974; Rimland, 1964; thologies are also a common result of subTanguay & Edwards, 1982).”
Background
The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism
Bettison, S. (1996) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172480 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of Infantile Autism
Ornitz, E. M. (1985) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61084-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of sensory features in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges and perspectives for future research
Uljarević, M., Baranek, G., Vivanti, G., Hedley, D., Hudry, K., & Lane, A. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1747 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Studies of sensory features in ASD have appeared in the literature for over 40 years across the disciplines of cognitive science, experimental psychology, neuroscience, and occupational therapy [see for example, Baranek, David, Poe, Stone, & Watson, 2006; Happe & Frith, 2006; Ornitz, 1974; Pellicano & Burr, 2012].”
Background
Effectiveness of Ayres Sensory Integration ® and Sensory-Based Interventions for People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Watling, R. L., & Hauer, S. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.018051 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Relationship Between Context and Sensory Processing in Children With Autism
Brown, N. B., & Dunn, W. (2010) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2010.09077 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Speciﬁcally, children with autism often fail to notice sensory input that is important; at other times, they are overly sensitive to sensory input and withdraw from stimuli (Ermer & Dunn, 1998; Kientz & Dunn, 1997; Ornitz, 1974; Rapin, 1991; Tomchek & Dunn, 2007; Watling, Deitz, & White, 2001).”
The Functional Neuroanatomy Of Infantile Autism
Ornitz, E. M. (1983) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207458309148648 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cortical auditory evoked potentials in autism: a review
Bomba, M. D., & Pang, E. W. (2004) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.04.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Social cognitive impairment and autism: what are we trying to explain?
Leekam, S. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0082 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“There followed a period in which sensory-perceptual and repetitive motor behaviour impairments were considered to be key factors [6] leading to the cognitive hypothesis by Hermelin and O’Connor in the 1970s that children with autism have difficulty in recruiting sensory input to make perceptual…”
Background
Paradoxical autonomic response to mental tasks in autism
Toichi, M., & Kamio, Y. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025062812374 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Based on an analogy to REM sleep, during which time excitatory cortical activities occurs on EEG combined with intermittent inhibitory activities, Ornitz and Ritvo attributed the seemingly contradictory findings in autism to a dysregulation of sensory and motor functions due to impairment of the ARAS and the vestibula…”
Background
Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior fossa in autism
Holttum, J. R., Minshew, N. J., Sanders, R. S., & Phillips, N. E. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90189-7 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Parietal Damage and Narrow “Spotlight” Spatial Attention
Townsend, J., & Courchesne, E. (1994) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1994.6.3.220 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Current Practice of Occupational Therapy for Children With Autism
Watling, R. L., Deitz, J. C., Kanny, E. M., & McLaughlin, J. F. (1999) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.53.5.498 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the common mention of sensory processing deficits in re p o rt s by other professionals (Coleman, 1989; Ornitz, 1974; Rapin, 1997; Wing & Wing, 1971), personal accounts (Gr a n d i n , 1995; Grandin & Scariano, 1986; Mc Kean, 1994), and the occupational therapy literature…”
Result
Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses in Autistic Children
Tanguay, P. E. (1982) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290020040008 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Application of Tetra-Ataxiametric Posturography in Clinical and Developmental Diagnosis
Kohen‐Raz, R. (1991) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1991.73.2.635 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Peripheral auditory asymmetry in infantile autism
Khalfa, S., Bruneau, N., Rogé, B., Georgieff, N., Veuillet, E., Adrien, J. L., Barthélémy, C., & Collet, L. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01423.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“While all modalities are affected, these abnormalities are particularly evident in hearing (Goldfarb, 1963; Ornitz, 1974; Dahlgren & Gillberg, 1989).”
Background
Brain opioids and autism: An updated analysis of possible linkages
Sahley, T. L., & Panksepp, J. (1987) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01495056 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“For example, it seems quite likely that a developmental delay, manifested as prolonged auditory transmission time (Fein, Skoff, & Mirsky, 1981; Rosenblum et al., 1980; Sohmer & Student, 1978; Student & Sohmer, 1978; Tanguay, Edwards, Buchwald, Schwafel, & Allen, 1982), or smaller event-related wave amplitudes (Courche…”
Background
Auditory brainstem evoked responses in autistic children
Rosenblum, S. M., Arick, J. R., Krug, D. A., Stubbs, E. G., Young, N. B., & Pelson, R. O. (1980) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02408472 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Occupational Therapy With Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Case‐Smith, J., & Miller-Kuhaneck, H. (1999) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.53.5.506 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“In addition, they often exhibit sensory processing difficulties and stere o t y p i c motor patterns and behavior (Baranek, Fo s t e r, & Be rk s o n , 1997; Kientz & Dunn, 1997; Ornitz, 1974).”
The Assessment and Interpretation of Intellectual Abilities in People with Autism
Lincoln, A. J., Allen, M. H., & Kilman, A. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1286-2_6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The electrodermal orienting response to auditive stimuli in autistic children, normal children, mentally retarded children, and child psychiatric patients
van Engeland, H. (1984) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02409578 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Ornitz (1970, 1971, 1974) postulated a failure of adequate vestibular modulation of sensory input and motor output.”
Background
Startle modulation studies in autism
Ornitz, E. M., Lane, S. J., Sugiyama, T., & de Traversay, J. (1993) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01046105 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“hand flapping) and sensory modulation (e.g., under- and overreactivity to sounds) ( Ornitz, 1974, 1987b, 1988, 1989b ).”
MONOAMINES (SEROTONIN AND CATECHOLAMINES) AND THEIR DERIVATIVES IN INFANTILE AUTISM: AGE‐RELATED CHANGES AND DRUG EFFECTS
Martineau, J., Barthélémy, C., Jouve, J., Müh, J. P., & Lelord, G. (1992) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11490.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Decreased Sensitivity to Thermal Stimuli in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Relation to Symptomatology and Cognitive Ability
Duerden, E. G., Taylor, M. J., Lee, M., McGrath, P. A., Davis, K. D., & Roberts, S. W. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.02.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Auditory Processing and Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kargas, N., López, B., Reddy, V., & Morris, P. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2219-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“, hyper/hypo), which seem to be particularly prevalent in the auditory domain (Dahlgren and Gillberg 1989; Hermelin and O’Connor 1970; Ornitz 1974; Rosenhall et al. 1999).”
Background
A longitudinal study of parent‐reported sensory responsiveness in toddlers at‐risk for autism
Wolff, J. J., Dimian, A. F., Botteron, K. N., Dager, S. R., Elison, J. T., Estes, A. M., Hazlett, H. C., Schultz, R. T., Zwaigenbaum, L., Piven, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12978 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The co-occurrence of atypical sensory responsiveness and RRB has long been appreciated (Ornitz, 1974), and clinical consensus has led to the domain of RRB subsuming sensory responsivity as part of diagnostic criteria.”
Background
Sequential and simultaneous processing abilities of high-functioning autistic and language-impaired children
Allen, M. H., Lincoln, A. J., & Kaufman, A. S. (1991) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02206872 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“... differences in their Block I functions of arousal and attention or the executive ("planning") functions of Block III, rather than the processing functions of Block II. Deficits in the Block I system, which regulates mental activity, would be in line with research that views autism as involving dysfunctions in a va…”
Result
Studies of caloric vestibular stimulation: implications for the cognitive neurosciences, the clinical neurosciences and neurophilosophy
Miller, S. M., & Ngô, T. T. (2007) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00208.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Considered to involve disordered ACC function (210– 214), this pervasive disorder is extremely difficult to treat, entails possible links to vestibular dysfunction [(215,216); cf.”
Background
Neuropsychological Characteristics in Autism and Related Conditions
Tsatsanis, K. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470939345.ch13 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Postural Hypo-Reactivity in Autism is Contingent on Development and Visual Environment: A Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Study
Greffou, S., Bertone, A., Hahler, E.-M., Hanssens, J.-M., Mottron, L., & Faubert, J. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1326-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Anecdotally, this suggestion is supported by the frequently reported behavioural observation that prolonged rocking, spinning and whirling behaviours in autism do not result in dizziness (Ornitz 1974; Grandin 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Development of Sensory Functions in Infants
DeGangi, G. A., & Greenspan, S. I. (1989) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/j006v08n04_02 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dental management of the autistic child
Kamen, S., & SKIER, J. (1985) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1754-4505.1985.tb00928.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
CONTINGENT EXERCISE: A MILD BUT POWERFUL PROCEDURE FOR SUPPRESSING INAPPROPRIATE VERBAL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Luce, S. C., Delquadri, J. C., & Hall, R. V. (1980) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1980.13-583 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Possible Brain Opioid Involvement in Disrupted Social Intent and Language Development of Autism
Panksepp, J., & Sahley, T. L. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1992-2_19 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-injurious behaviours are associated with alterations in the somatosensory system in children with autism spectrum disorder
Duerden, E. G., Card, D., Roberts, S. W., Mak-Fan, K. M., Chakravarty, M. M., Lerch, J. P., & Taylor, M. J. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0562-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“crossing fingers in front of eyes) (Ornitz 1974).”
Background
Proprioceptive versus visual control in autistic children
Masterton, B., & Biederman, G. B. (1983) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531815 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Normal and Pathological Maturation of Vestibular Function in the Human Child11This research was supported in part by National Eye Institute Grant No. EY-02612.
Ornitz, E. M. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-594450-2.50020-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-injurious behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders: Relevance of nociceptive and immune mechanisms
Symons, F. J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.01.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Brain-stem Dysfunction in Autism
Ornitz, E. M. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790330102012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Stimulus complexity and autistic children's responsivity: Assessing and training a pivotal behavior
Burke, J. C., & Cerniglia, L. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02284721 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Scientists from diverse theoretical orientations have attempted to explain the existence of autistic children's lack, or relative lack, of normal responsivity to environmental stimuli (e.g., Bryson, 1970; Hermelin & O'Connor, 1964; Lovaas, Schreibman, Koegel, & Rehm, 1971; Ornitz, 1974; Rimland, 1964).”
Background
EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Shagass, C., Ornitz, E. M., Sutton, S., & Tueting, P. A. (1978) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-155150-6.50022-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Contemporary Trainee Knowledge of Autism: How Prepared Are Our Future Providers?
Austriaco, K., Aban, I., Willig, J., & Kong, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00165 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This finding highlights the need for increased awareness of the implications of children with ASD having sensory challenges, particularly when they present with an acute illness (22, 23).”
Background
Handwriting of Eight-Year-Old Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: An Exploration
Cartmill, L., Rodger, S., & Ziviani, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411240903146426 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“For example, sensory sensitivity has been described in detail by a number of authors (Anzalone & Williamson, 2000; National Academy of Sciences [NAS], 2001; Ornitz, 1974) as has poor language comprehension, and interpretation (APA, 2000; Minshew, Goldstein, & Siegel, 1995).”
Background
The presence or absence of certain behaviors associated with infantile autism in severely retarded autistic and nonautistic retarded children and very young normal children
Adrien, J. L., Ornitz, E. M., Barthélémy, C., SAUVAGE, D., & Lelord, G. (1987) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01487069 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Careful consideration of the autistic behavioral profile focuses attention not only on the impairment in social relating and communication, for example, lack of eye contact (27), lack of social smile and laugh (29), no communicative speech (49), but also on the disturbances of motility and sensory modulation ( Ornitz,…”
Background
The sensory experiences of autistic people: A metasynthesis
Sibéoni, J., Massoutier, L., Valette, M., Manolios, É., Verneuil, L., Speranza, M., & Révah‐Levy, A. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221081188 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In the 1970s, Ornitz (1973, 1974) and Delacato (1974) attributed a core role in autism to sensory aspects, especially for early diagnosis.”
Background
Auditory temporal-envelope processing in high-functioning children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Alcántara, J. I., Cope, T., Cope, W., & Weisblatt, E. J. L. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.034 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A Review of Psychophysiology in Early Onset Psychosis
James, A. L., & Barry, R. J. (1980) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/6.3.506 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Autism and the Sensory Disruption of Social Experience
Boldsen, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874268 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…of autism include the executive dysfunction theory, according to which autistic persons have a weakened ability to manage their cognitive processes (Ozonoff et al., 1991), and the weak central coherence theory, which focuses on a detail-oriented processing style as compromising the ability of…”
Background
Assessing Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities
Matson, J. L., Andrasik, F., & Matson, M. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Disorders of regulation of cognitive activity in autistic children
Adrien, J., Martineau, J., Barthélémy, C., Bruneau, N., Garreau, B., & SAUVAGE, D. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02179287 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“As noted by Ornitz (1974) and Tanguay (1976), Brnneau, Garreau, Roux, and Lelord (1987), Lelord (1990) found defects in cerebral modulation.”
Background
Finding behavioral and network indicators of brain vulnerability
Levit-Binnun, N., & Golland, Y. (2011) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…irregularities, which are often described together, much clinical data has described their prevalence in individuals on the autistic spectrum (Ornitz, 1974; Jones and Prior, 1985; Tani et al., 2006; Liss et al., 2006; Ben-Sasson et al., 2007; Leekam et al., 2007; Bhat et al., 2011; for…”
Background
Cerebral-Brainstem Relations in Infantile Autism
Kinsbourne, M. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1992-2_6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Family Experiences of Decreased Sound Tolerance in ASD
Scheerer, N. E., Boucher, T. Q., Bahmei, B., Iarocci, G., Arzanpour, S., & Birmingham, E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05282-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The auditory modality is most frequently associated with high levels of distress (Dahlgren & Gillberg, 1989; Gomes et al., 2008; Hermelin & O’Connor, 1970; Ornitz, 1974; Rosenhall et al., 1999; Talay-Ongan & Wood, 2000).”
Background
Event-related potentials evoked by sensory stimulation in normal, mentally retarded and autistic children
Martineau, J., Laffont, F., Bruneau, N., Roux, S., & Lelord, G. (1980) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(80)90300-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Constellation autistique, mouvement, temps et pensée
Gepner, B. (2006) · Devenir · doi:10.3917/dev.064.0333 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Autism: Alterations in Auditory Perception
del Rincón, P. L. N. (2008) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2008.19.1.61 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Sensory Behaviors in Children With Autism
Caron, K. G., Schaaf, R. C., Benevides, T. W., & Gal, E. (2012) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2012.004226 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…autism spectrum disorders (ASD) process sensory information differently from others (Bennett, 1996; Brock, Brown, Boucher, & Rippon, 2002; Frith, 2003; Mottron, Burack, Stauder, & Robaey, 1999; Ornitz, 1974) and that 80%–95% of people with ASD experience unusual responses to sensory experiences.”
Using Participant Observation to Study the Meaning of Occupations of Young Children With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities
Spitzer, S. L. (2003) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.57.1.66 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“People with autism and other developmental disabilities process information such as sights, sounds, touch, and body sensations differently from other people (Grandin, 1996; Ornitz, 1974; Rapin, 1991).”
Ontogenic development of EEG-asymmetry in early infantile autism
Ogawa, T., Sugiyama, A., Ishiwa, S., Suzuki, M., Ishihara, T., & Satô, K. (1982) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(82)80071-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Discriminating children with autism from children with learning difficulties with an adaptation of the Short Sensory Profile
O'Brien, J. M. D., Tsermentseli, S. K., Cummins, O., Happe, F. G. E., Heaton, P. F., & Spencer, J. V. (2009) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430701567926 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Behaviours such as rubbing, banging or flicking the ears, grinding of teeth, intense staring and flapping the hands in front of the eyes all provide intense sensory stimulation (Ornitz, 1974).”
Background
Beyond self-regulation: Autistic experiences and perceptions of stimming
Morris, I. F., Sykes, J. R., Paulus, E. R., Dameh, A., Razzaque, A., Esch, L. V., Gruenig, J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241311096 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Likewise, autism has been described as a syndrome of perceptual inconstancy wherein the motor output of stimming serves to regulate sensory input (Ornitz, 1974; Ornitz & Ritvo, 1968).”
Editorial Preface
Mottron, L., & Burack, J. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0048-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF VESTIBULAR STIMULATION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Choudhery, A. A. B., & Ansari, T. (2020) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3713195 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brain-stem Dysfunction in Autism
Ornitz, E. M. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790330102012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Neurophysiologic Studies
Ornitz, E. M. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0787-7_8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effect of Visual Input on Vestibular Nystagmus in Autistic Children
Ornitz, E. M. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760150075011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The effects of response contingent vestibular stimulation on the behavior of autistic and retarded children
Freeman, B. J., Frankel, F., & RITVO, E. R. (1976) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01537912 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Authors: Ornitz, E. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Ornitz, Edward M.
Venue: Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1974-09
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 197-215
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
0021-9185
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/bf02115226
OpenAlex: W2003914204
Cited by: 217
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 1.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, sensory modulation, motor output, vestibular system, vestibular nuclei, cerebellum, kinesthetic feedback, sensorimotor learning, oculomotor responses, hypomotility, sensory processing
MeSH terms: Arousal, Auditory Perception, Autistic Disorder, Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Feedback, Gestures, Humans, Kinesthesis, Motor Activity, Nystagmus, Pathologic, Oculomotor Nerve, Proprioception, Psychophysiology, Sensation, Sensory Deprivation, Sleep, REM, Stereotyped Behavior, Touch, Vestibule, Labyrinth, Vestibular Nerve, Vestibular Nuclei, Visual Perception

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The modulation of sensory input and motor output in autistic children

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