Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism
Abstract
Background: The present study examined the disengage and shift operations of visual attention in young children with autism. Methods: For this purpose, we used a simple visual orienting task that is thought to engage attention automatically. Once attention was first engaged on a central fixation stimulus, a second stimulus was presented on either side, either simultaneously or successively. Latency to begin an eye movement to the peripheral stimulus served as the main dependent measure. The two stimulus conditions (simultaneous and successive) provided independent measures of disengaging and shifting attention, respectively. Performance of children with autism was compared to that of children with Down syndrome and a normal group. Results: The main finding was that relative to both comparison groups, children with autism had marked difficulty in disengaging attention. Indeed, on 20% of trials they remained fixated on the first of two competing stimuli for the entire 8‐second trial duration. Evidence is also provided for a more subtle problem in executing rapid shifts of attention. Conclusions: Our findings on disengagement in autism parallel those reported in normal 2‐month‐olds, in whom attention has been described as ‘obligatory’. Discussion focuses on the potential role of general versus domain‐specific processes in producing some of the core features of autism.
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The frequency of fast attentional shifts for the gap condition was significantly reduced in the ASD group.
“Additionally, the authors report that the frequency of fast attentional shifts (i.e., the number of shifts with latency between 100 and 300ms) for the gap condition was significantly reduced in the ASD group”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Landry & Bryson, 2004
Older children and adults with autism have difficulty in disengaging attention from a central fixation stimulus in attention competition tasks.
“Older children and adults with autism have difficulty in disengaging attention from a central fixation stimulus in attention competition tasks (Kawakubo et al., 2007; Landry & Bryson, 2004; but see Fischer, Koldewyn, Jiang, & Kanwisher, 2013 for contrasting findings).”
From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Landry & Bryson, 2004
Perceptual shifting has been found to be deficient in individuals with autism.
“Interestingly, perceptual shifting has shown to be deficient in individuals with autism [50]”
From The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism (2009) · cites this paper as [50]
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“The ability to disengage and shift visual attention may also be impaired (Harris et al., 1999; Landry and Bryson, 2004; Townsend et al., 1996).”
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“This expectation alone accounts for the mutual exclusivity bias (Diesendruck & Markson, 2001).”
BackgroundKojovic, N., Hadid, L. B., Franchini, M., & Schaer, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101508 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Slower attention disengagement has been shown to characterize the visual pattern in Sibs ASD who will develop ASD already at 6 months of life [57] and is known to persist throughout childhood [58].”
BackgroundStatistical Learning in Specific Language Impairment and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Obeid, R., Brooks, P. J., Powers, K. L., Gillespie‐Lynch, K., & Lum, J. A. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01245 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Similarly, individuals with ASD also perform worse than controls on certain tasks assessing attention, executive functioning, and motor functioning (Dawson et al., 2002; Hill, 2004; Landry and Bryson, 2004; Provost et al., 2007; Robinson et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPatriquin, M. A., Scarpa, A., Friedman, B. H., & Porges, S. W. (2013) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Bekele, E., Zheng, Z., Swanson, A., Crittendon, J., Warren, Z., & Sarkar, N. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2013.42 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Unlike reported high blink conditioning for individual with ASD in general [42], these low blinks could be attributed to ‘sticky attention’ that this population sometimes exhibits [43].”
Esubalew T, B., Lahiri, U., Swanson, A. R., Crittendon, J. A., Warren, Z. E., & Sarkar, N. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2230188 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Inhibitory engrams in perception and memory
Barron, H. C., Vogels, T. P., Behrens, T. E., & Ramaswami, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1701812114 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“…of autism such as sticky attention, wherein familar stimuli remain engaging for unusually long periods of time while novel stimuli seem challenging, could arise from weak habituation and hypersensitivity to novel stimuli (Landry and Bryson, 2004; Sinha et al., 2014; Vogels and Abbott, 2007).”
BackgroundPresmanes, A. G., Walden, T. A., Stone, W. L., & Yoder, P. J. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0338-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“These findings are not consistent with previous reports of deficits in attention disengagement for young children with autism (Landry & Bryson, 2004) and for a subgroup of high-risk siblings who receive a later diagnosis of autism (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).”
ResultWilliams, J. H. G. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.15 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Mirroring others’ emotions relates to empathy and inter- personal competence in children.”
BackgroundAttention and Emotional Responses to Sexual Stimuli and Their Relationship to Sexual Desire
Prause, N., Janssen, E., & Hetrick, W. P. (2007) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9236-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Disengagement has been described as “a basic mechanism by which we regulate emotional upset” (Landry & Bryson, 2004, p. 1115).”
BackgroundAnalysis of Social Interaction Gestures in Infants with Autism
Colgan, S. E., Lanter, E., McComish, C., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600701360 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In addition, even outside of social interactions, children with autism have difficulty with shifting attention between stimuli ( Landry & Bryson, 2004 ).”
BackgroundAttentional networks in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Keehn, B., Lincoln, A. J., Müller, R., & Townsend, J. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02257.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…attentional disengagement by examining the response time (RT) differences to targets appearing with and without a central fixation, have also demonstrated that children with ASD evidence significant impairments in disengaging visual attention (Elsabbagh et al., 2009; Landry & Bryson, 2004).”
Pilot clinical application of an adaptive robotic system for young children with autism
Bekele, E., Crittendon, J. A., Swanson, A. R., Sarkar, N., & Warren, Z. E. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313479454 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Hit frequency is of particular importance as large hit frequency may be indicative of erratic gaze, and an atypically small hit frequency may be indicative of difficulties shifting attention within environments (e.g. “sticky attention”) (Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Mechanisms Underlying the ASD Advantage in Visual Search
Káldy, Z., Giserman, I., Carter, A. S., & Blaser, E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1957-x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Landry and Bryson (2004) found that children with ASD were slower in the ‘overlap’ condition (in this condition a simple shape is presented centrally briefly, then another stimulus appears in one of two lateral positions.”
Temporal Attention as a Scaffold for Language Development
de Diego‐Balaguer, R., Martinez‐Alvarez, A., & Pons, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00044 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“…exploration requires disengaging and shifting gaze across different locations, and the perseveration of this sticky phenomenon at 7 months of age is an early feature of later emerging autism (Elison et al., 2013) that persists with disengagement difficulties in childhood (Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
BackgroundInvestigating Gaze of Children with ASD in Naturalistic Settings
Noris, B., Nadel, J., Barker, M., Hadjikhani, N. K., & Billard, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044144 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Studying the shifting of visual attention from non-social stimuli, Landry and Bryson [49] and Elison and colleagues [50] remarked a systematic delay in the reaction times of ASD children.”
BackgroundJoint Attention, Social Competence, and Developmental Psychopathology
Mundy, P., & Sigman, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939383.ch9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The over‐pruning hypothesis of autism
Thomas, M. S. C., Davis, R., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Knowland, V. C. P., & Charman, T. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12303 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…1998; Johnson et al., 2005; Mundy & Neale, 2000; Schultz, 2005) or in some more general attentional process contributing to the development of social skills (e.g., Bryson et al., 2004; Kawakubo et al., 2007; Landry & Bryson, 2004; van der Geest, Kemner, Camfferman, Verbaten, & van Engeland, 2001).”
BackgroundIdentification: The missing link between joint attention and imitation?
Hobson, J. A., & Hobson, R. P. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070204 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Dyspraxia, motor function and visual–motor integration in autism
Miller, M., Chukoskie, L., Zinni, M., Townsend, J., & Trauner, D. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.011 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“3 Gap/Null/Overlap Paradigm—This paradigm is commonly used to assess eye movement and attention and has been employed in a number of autism studies [29, 37, 67-69].”
MethodSanders, J., Johnson, K. A., Garavan, H., Gill, M., & Gallagher, L. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.03.005 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“In 2002, Landry and Bryson again demonstrated that young children with autism had impaired disengagement of attention (Landry & Bryson, 2004).”
BackgroundWhat do children with autism attend to during imitation tasks?
Vivanti, G., Nadig, A., Ozonoff, S., & Rogers, S. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.04.008 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“The third explanation is based on the finding that children with autism have difficulties disengaging their attention from a stimulus and shifting attention between two stimuli even when the stimuli are not social in nature (Landry & Bryson, 2004; Townsend, Courchesne & Egaas, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrekhova, E. V., & Stroganova, T. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00034 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Intact and impaired mechanisms of action understanding in autism.
Vivanti, G., McCormick, C. E. B., Young, G. S., Abucayan, F., Hatt, N. V., Nadig, A., Ozonoff, S. J., & Rogers, S. J. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023105 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…the agent’s rational action by evaluating its logic within the constraints of the situation, perhaps because of difficulties in shifting attention (Landry & Bryson, 2004), in integration of multiple information (U. Frith, 2003), and in goal understanding (D’Entremont & Yazbek, 2007; Zalla et…”
Activity Participation and Sensory Features Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Little, L. M., Ausderau, K., Sideris, J. H., & Baranek, G. T. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2460-3 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Moreover, enhanced perception may be associated with hyper-attention to details (Baron-Cohen et al. 2009) or difficulty with disengagement of attention (e.g., Landry and Bryson 2004), which may contribute to successful completion of some cognitive tasks.”
Identifying Autism in a Brief Observation
Gabrielsen, T. P., Farley, M. A., Speer, L. L., Villalobos, M., Baker, C. N., & Miller, J. S. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1428 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Abstractness and continuity in the syntactic development of young children with autism
Naigles, L., Kelty, E., Jaffery, R., & FEIN, D. A. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.223 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…is not completely consistent, most studies have found enhanced ability in this population to focus on the details of visual stimuli, and difficulties with disengaging attention from such stimuli [Courchesne et al., 1994; Jones & Klin, 2008; Landry & Bryson, 2004; Travers, Klinger, & Klinger, 2010].”
BackgroundResultAMPAKINE enhancement of social interaction in the BTBR mouse model of autism
Silverman, J. L., Oliver, C. F., Karras, M. N., Gastrell, P. T., & Crawley, J. N. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…is often highly focused, characterized by unusually low distractibility, inability to disengage attention, deficits in divided attention, seeing the details but not the big picture, and intense involvement with a single special interest (Casey et al., 1993; Frith, 2003; Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
Lee, I.-J., Chen, C., Wang, C.-P., & Chung, C.-H. (2018) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-018-0382-5 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“…attentional focus and switching the locus of their attention (Elsabbagh et al. 2009; Facoetti et al. 2008; Ibanez et al. 2008; Kikuchi et al. 2011; Landry and Bryson 2004; van der Geest et al. 2001), especially in patterns that include either more complex social cues or long coherent social…”
BackgroundSacrey, L.-A. R., Bryson, S. E., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.028 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Does Joint Attention Look Atypical in Autism?
Gernsbacher, M. A., Stevenson, J. L., Khandakar, S., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2008) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00039.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Autistic children’s resistance to distraction was quantified by Landry and Bryson (2004). Five-year-old autistic children, mental age–matched typically developing children, and chronological age–matched children with Down syndrome focused on a ‘‘very fascinating’’ centrally placed computer monitor on which brightly co…”
MethodCaudate Nucleus Volume and Cognitive Performance: Are They Related in Childhood Psychopathology?
Voelbel, G. T., Bates, M. E., Buckman, J. F., Pandina, G., & Hendren, R. L. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.071 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Children with ASD, for example, may experience attention deficits primarily as difficulties in shifting (Courchesne et al 1994; Hughes et al 1994) or disengaging attention (Landry and Bryson 2004), as opposed to sustaining attention.”
BackgroundSensory and Motor Features in Autism: Assessment and Intervention
Baranek, G. T., Parham, L. D., & Bodfish, J. W. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470939352.ch6 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Pupillometry Reveals a Mechanism for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Advantage in Visual Tasks
Blaser, E., Eglington, L. G., Carter, A. S., & Káldy, Z. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04301 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Schietecatte, I., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1209-x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Finally, being able to show joint attention behaviours and to participate in a triadic interaction, implies attentional processes, like attentional engagement, disengagement and shifting (Leekam 2005).”
BackgroundNeurofeedback Outcomes in Clients with Asperger’s Syndrome
Thompson, L., Thompson, M. E., & Reid, A. (2009) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9120-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Difficulties with disengaging and shifting attention (Landry and Bryson 2004) and symptoms related to elevated anxiety appear to correlate with EEG amplitudes outside Neuroguide database norms for theta, low alpha and/or high frequency beta with a source in the anterior cingulate.”
BackgroundSelf-referenced processing, neurodevelopment and joint attention in autism
Mundy, P., Gwaltney, M., & Henderson, H. A. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310366315 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Still other approaches have emphasized the possibility that joint attention deficits in children may be secondary to impairments in primary psychological processes, including identification, attention regulation, or social motivation (e.g., Hobson and Hobson, 2007; Landry and Bryson, 2004; Reddy, 2003).”
BackgroundGrundy, J. G., Chung-Fat-Yim, A., Friesen, D. C., Mak, L., & Bialystok, E. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.010 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“The ability to disengage from previous information is central to executive control (Elsabbagh et al., 2013; Landry & Bryson, 2004) but is not considered in analyses that compare overall RT on congruent (C) and incongruent (I) trials, or the difference between them (I-C; congruency effect).”
BackgroundSoares, S. C., Maior, R. S., Isbell, L. A., Tomaz, C. A. B., & Nishijo, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00067 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Broader Autism Phenotype in Parents of Autistic Children: Reality or Myth?
Scheeren, A. M., & Stauder, J. E. A. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0389-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“First, Landry and Bryson (2004) found autistic children to react considerably slower than typically developing children and children with Down syndrome on a reaction time task where eye movements were recorded and no button press was required.”
Srinivasan, S. M., Park, I. K., Neelly, L. P., & Bhat, A. N. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.07.004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“In addition, difficulty disengaging attention (Landry & Bryson, 2004) and shifting attention between objects and people (Lewy & Dawson, 1992; McArthur & Adamson, 1996; Swettenham et al., 1998) could also contribute to children engaging in repetitive actions with select objects (Turner, 1999).”
BackgroundApplying cognitive training to target executive functions during early development
Wass, S. V. (2014) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.882888 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bahrick, L. E. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327564.ch4 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Wright, B., Clarke, N., Jordan, J., Young, A. W., Clarke, P., Miles, J., Nation, K., Clarke, L., & Williams, C. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361308097118 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Functional deficits of the attentional networks in autism
Fan, J., Bernardi, S., Dam, N. T. V., Anagnostou, E. A., Gu, X., Martin, L., Park, Y., Liu, X., Kolevzon, A. L., Soorya, L. V., et al. (2012) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.90 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“These findings of behavioral and neural abnormalities in alerting and executive control of attention in ASD may suggest core attentional deficits, which require further investigation.”
BackgroundUnimpaired Attentional Disengagement and Social Orienting in Children With Autism
Fischer, J., Koldewyn, K., Jiang, Y. V., & Kanwisher, N. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613496242 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The effect of context on imitation skills in children with autism
Ingersoll, B. R. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.08.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“This failure to attend may be due to a decreased social interest (e.g., Ingersoll, in press) or abnormal attention shifting (Landry & Bryson, 2004).”
BackgroundTalbott, M. R., Nelson, C. A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1820-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…interest for infants at risk for ASD given the difficulties infants and children with ASD demonstrate in social communication, including gaze, social orienting, and attention shifting (Dawson et al. 1998; Landry and Bryson 2004; Nadig et al. 2007; Ozonoff et al. 2010, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
Early Interests and Joint Engagement in Typical Development, Autism, and Down Syndrome
Adamson, L. B., Deckner, D. F., & Bakeman, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0914-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“These findings may reflect the difficulty young children with autism have in disengaging and shifting attention (Landry and Bryson 2004).”
BackgroundRethinking the role of music in the neurodevelopment of autism spectrum disorder
Janzen, T. B., & Thaut, M. H. (2018) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204318769639 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Researchers have noted, for instance, that individuals with autism have limited capacity in disengaging and shifting attention from a stimulus or task to another (Landry & Bryson, 2004; Wainwright-Sharp & Bryson, 1993).”
Temperament and Sensory Features of Children with Autism
Brock, M. E., Freuler, A., Baranek, G. T., Watson, L. R., Poe, M. D., & DiCriscio, A. S. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1472-5 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wass, S. V., & Smith, T. J. (2014) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12049 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The implications of these findings for understanding the development of attentional control in naturalistic settings are discussed.”
Background
- Authors
- Landry, R., & Bryson, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Cape Breton Regional Hospital (CA)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-07-19
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1115-1122
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2115529264
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD 35466, P01HD035466)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, attentional disengagement, attentional shift, visual attention, young children, Down syndrome, visual orienting, eye movement latency
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Down Syndrome, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Temperament, Visual Perception, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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