Measuring orientation of human body segments using miniature gyroscopes and accelerometers
Luinge, H. J., Veltink, P. H.·2005·Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
Cited by (645)
Items 101–200 of 645
- Kinematics based sensory fusion for wearable motion assessment in human walkingSebastjan Šlajpah, Roman Kamnik, Marko Munih · 2013 · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
- Implementing a Sensor Fusion Algorithm for 3D Orientation Detection with Inertial/Magnetic SensorsFatemeh Abyarjoo, Armando B. Barreto, Jonathan Cofino, Francisco Raul Ortega · 2014 · Lecture notes in electrical engineering
- Validation of wearable visual feedback for retraining foot progression angle using inertial sensors and an augmented reality headsetAngelos Karatsidis, Rosie E. Richards, Jason M. Konrath, Josien C. van den Noort, H. Martin Schepers, Giovanni Bellusci, Jaap Harlaar, Petrus H. Veltink · 2018 · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
- Wearable sensors for the monitoring of movement disordersNahed Jalloul · 2018 · Biomedical Journal
- Optimal inertial sensor location for ambulatory measurement of trunk inclinationGert S. Faber, Idsart Kingma, Sjoerd M. Bruijn, Jaap H. van Dieën · 2009 · Journal of Biomechanics
- Emerging Trends of Body-Mounted Sensors in Sports and Human Gait AnalysisDarwin Gouwanda, S. M. N. Arosha Senanayake · 2008 · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany
- Comparison of wavelet transformation and adaptive filtering in restoring artefact-induced time-related measurementJong Yong Abdiel Foo · 2006 · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
- HISTORY: The Use of the Kalman Filter for Human Motion Tracking in Virtual RealityGreg Welch · 2009 · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality
- A Novel Hierarchical Information Fusion Method for Three-Dimensional Upper Limb Motion EstimationZhiqiang Zhang, Jiankang Wu · 2011 · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
- Wearable inertial mouse for children with physical and cognitive impairmentsRafael Raya, J.O. Roa, Eduardo Rocón, R. Ceres, José Luis Pons · 2010 · Sensors and Actuators A Physical
- Validation of functional calibration and strap-down joint drift correction for computing 3D joint angles of knee, hip, and trunk in alpine skiingBenedikt Fasel, Jörg Spörri, Pascal Schütz, Silvio Lorenzetti, Kamiar Aminian · 2017 · PLoS ONE
- Validity and inter-rater reliability of inertial gait measurements in Parkinson's disease: A pilot studyEsser, Patrick, Dawes, Helen, Collett, Johnny, Feltham, Max G., Howells, Ken · 2012 · Journal of Neuroscience Methods
- Monitoring worker fatigue using wearable devices: A case study to detect changes in gait parametersAmir Baghdadi, L. Cavuoto, Allison Jones-Farmer, S. Rigdon, E. Esfahani, F. Megahed · 2019 · Journal of QualityTechnology
- Quantification of inertial sensor-based 3D joint angle measurement accuracy using an instrumented gimbalAlexandra C. Brennan, Jinhong Zhang, Kevin J. Deluzio, Q. Li · 2011 · Gait & Posture
- Pre-impact fall detectionXinyao Hu, Xingda Qu · 2016 · BioMedical Engineering OnLine
- Application of wearable sensors for human gait analysis using fuzzy computational algorithmMurad Alaqtash, Huiying Yu, Richard D. Brower, Amr Hesham Kamel Abdelgawad, Thompson Sarkodie-Gyan · 2011 · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
- An optimized Kalman filter for the estimate of trunk orientation from inertial sensors data during treadmill walkingClaudia Mazzà, Marco Donati, John McCamley, Pietro Picerno, Aurelio Cappozzo · 2011 · Gait & Posture
- Quantitative Assessment of Upper Limb Motion in Neurorehabilitation Utilizing Inertial SensorsLu Bai, Matthew Pepper, Yong Gang Yan, Sarah K. Spurgeon, Mohamed Sakel, Malcolm Phillips · 2014 · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- A system to measure the kinematics during the entire ski jump sequence using inertial sensorsJulien Chardonnens, Julien Favre, Florian Cuendet, Gérald Gremion, Kamiar Aminian · 2012 · Journal of Biomechanics
- Assessment of Shoulder Range of Motion Using a Wireless Inertial Motion Capture Device—A Validation StudyMichael Rigoni, Stephen D. Gill, Sina Babazadeh, Osama Elsewaisy, Hugh Gillies, Nhan Dang Nguyen, Pubudu Nishantha Pathirana, Richard S. Page · 2019 · Sensors
- Miniature Low-Power Inertial Sensors: Promising Technology for Implantable Motion Capture SystemsJoris M. Lambrecht, Robert F. Kirsch · 2014 · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- A Novel Adaptive Kalman Filtering Approach to Human Motion Tracking With Magnetic-Inertial SensorsJunhao Zhang, Peng Li, Congcong Jin, Wen‐An Zhang, Steven Liu · 2019 · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
- A wearable inertial system to assess the cervical spine mobility: Comparison with an optoelectronic-based motion capture evaluationDuc, C., Salvia, P., Lubansu, A., Feipel, V., Aminian, K. · 2014 · Medical Engineering & Physics
- Real-Time Identification of Gait Events in Impaired Subjects Using a Single-IMU Foot-Mounted DeviceJuan Carlos Perez-Ibarra, Adriano A. G. Siqueira, Hermano Igo Krebs · 2019 · IEEE Sensors Journal
- Adaptive Information Fusion for Human Upper Limb Movement EstimationZhiqiang Zhang, Lianying Ji, Zhipei Huang, Jiankang Wu · 2012 · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans
- User-Based Motion Sensing and Fuzzy Logic for Automated Fall Detection in Older AdultsPatrick Boissy, Stéphane Choquette, Mathieu Hamel, Norbert Noury · 2007 · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health
- Geometrical kinematic modeling on human motion using method of multi-sensor fusionXu, Cheng, He, Jie, Zhang, Xiaotong, Yao, Cui, Tseng, Po-Hsuan · 2018 · Information Fusion
- Ambulatory Estimation of Relative Foot Positions by Fusing Ultrasound and Inertial Sensor DataDirk Weenk, Daniel Roetenberg, B. J. F. van Beijnum, Hermie J Hermens, Petrus H. Veltink · 2014 · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Ambulatory Estimation of Knee-Joint Kinematics in Anatomical Coordinate System Using Accelerometers and MagnetometersKun Liu, Yoshio INOUE, Kyoko SHIBATA, Cao Enguo · 2010 · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- A novel sensor-based assessment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsySeo‐Young Choi, Yong Beom Shin, Soo-Yeon Kim, Jonghyun Kim · 2018 · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
- Computationally Efficient Adaptive Error-State Kalman Filter for Attitude EstimationMichael B. Del Rosario, Heba Khamis, Phillip Ngo, Nigel Hamilton Lovell, Stephen James Redmond · 2018 · IEEE Sensors Journal
- Wearable Sensors in Healthcare and Sensor-Enhanced Health Information Systems: All Our Tomorrows?Michael Marschollek, Matthias Gietzelt, Mareike Schulze, Martin Kohlmann, Bianying Song, Klaus-Hendrik Wolf · 2012 · Healthcare Informatics Research
- A Low-Cost Dead Reckoning Navigation System for an AUV Using a Robust AHRS: Design and Experimental AnalysisMohammad Taghi Sabet, Hamidreza Mohammadi Daniali, Alireza Fathi, Ebrahim Alizadeh · 2017 · IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
- A novel method for assessing the 3-D orientation accuracy of inertial/magnetic sensorsGert S. Faber, Chien-Chi Chang, Peter Rizun, Jack Tigh Dennerlein · 2013 · Journal of Biomechanics
- IMUSim: A simulation environment for inertial sensing algorithm design and evaluationA. D. Young, M. J. Ling, D. K. Arvind · 2011 · Information Processing in Sensor Networks
- Toward free-living walking speed estimation using Gaussian Process-based Regression with on-body accelerometers and gyroscopesHarshvardhan Vathsangam, Adar Emken, Donna Spruijt‐Metz, Gaurav S. Sukhatme · 2010 · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare
- First steps toward translating robotic walking to prostheses: a nonlinear optimization based control approachHuihua Zhao, Jonathan C. Horn, Jacob Reher, Victor Paredes, Aaron D. Ames · 2016 · Autonomous Robots
- Upper Body Pose Estimation Using Wearable Inertial Sensors and Multiplicative Kalman FilterTommaso Lisini Baldi, Francesco Farina, Andrea Garulli, Antonio Giannitrapani, Domenico Prattichizzo · 2019 · IEEE Sensors Journal
- Estimation of pelvis kinematics in level walking based on a single inertial sensor positioned close to the sacrum: Validation on healthy subjects with stereophotogrammetric systemBuganè, Francesca, Benedetti, Maria, D’Angeli, Valentina, Leardini, Alberto · 2014 · BioMedical Engineering OnLine
- A single gyroscope method for spatial gait analysisEmer P. Doheny, Tim Foran, Barry R. Greene · 2010 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
- Whole-Body Pose Estimation in Human Bicycle Riding Using a Small Set of Wearable SensorsYizhai Zhang, Kuo Chen, Jingang Yi, Tao Liu, Quan Pan · 2015 · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics
- Design of a wireless smart insole using stretchable microfluidic sensor for gait monitoringJen-Hahn Low, Pei Song Chee, Eng-Hock Lim, Vinod Ganesan · 2020 · Smart Materials and Structures
- A performance analysis of a wireless body-area network monitoring system for professional cyclingRaluca Marin-Perianu, Mihai Marin-Perianu, Paul Havinga, Simon B. Taylor, Rezaul K. Begg, Marimuthu Swami Palaniswami, David Rouffet · 2011 · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
- A cascaded two-step Kalman filter for estimation of human body segment orientation using MEMS-IMUShaghayegh Zihajehzadeh, D. Loh, Min Seok Lee, Reynald Hoskinson, E. J. Park · 2014 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
- Naturalistic approaches to sensorimotor controlJames N. Ingram, Daniel M. Wolpert · 2011 · Progress in brain research
- Assessment of Daily-Life Reaching Performance After StrokeFokke van Meulen, Jasper Reenalda, Jaap H. Buurke, Petrus H. Veltink · 2014 · Annals of Biomedical Engineering
- A Wearable and Modular Inertial Unit for Measuring Limb Movements and Balance Control AbilitiesGian Mario Bertolotti, Andrea Cristiani, Paolo Colagiorgio, Fausto Romano, Elena Bassani, Nicoletta Caramia, Stefano Ramat · 2015 · IEEE Sensors Journal
- A sensor-to-segment calibration method for motion capture system based on low cost MIMUNamchol Choe, Hongyu Zhao, Sen Qiu, Yongguk So · 2018 · Measurement
- A comparison of instrumentation methods to estimate thoracolumbar motion in field-based occupational studiesMark Christopher Schall, Nathan B. Fethke, Howard Chen, Fred Gerr · 2015 · Applied Ergonomics
- Low-Cost MEMS-Based Pedestrian Navigation Technique for GPS-Denied AreasAbdelrahman Ali, Naser El‐Sheimy · 2013 · Journal of Sensors
- Preferred Placement and Usability of a Smart Textile System vs. Inertial Measurement Units for Activity MonitoringMohammad Iman Mokhlespour Esfahani, Maury A. Nussbaum · 2018 · Sensors
- Effectiveness of Cervical Spine Stabilization TechniquesPatrick Boissy, Ian Shrier, Simon Brière, Jay Mellette, Luc Fecteau, Gordon O. Matheson, Dan Garza, Willem H Meeuwisse, Eli Segal, John Boulay et al. · 2011 · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
- Step-to-step variations in human running reveal how humans run without fallingNidhi Seethapathi, Manoj Srinivasan · 2019 · eLife
- Functional range of motion in the upper extremity and trunk joints: Nine functional everyday tasks with inertial sensorsMert Doğan, Mertcan Koçak, Özge Onursal Kılınç, Fatma Ayvat, Gülşah Sütçü, Ender Ayvat, Muhammed Kılınç, Özgür Ünver, Sibel Aksu Yıldırım · 2019 · Gait & Posture
- Immediate effects of a controllable knee ankle foot orthosis for functional compensation of gait in patients with proximal leg weaknessJuan Camilo Moreno, F. Brunetti, Eduardo Rocón, José Luis Pons · 2007 · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
- Design and Testing of a Multi-Sensor Pedestrian Location and Navigation PlatformAiden James Morrison, Valérie Renaudin, Jared B. Bancroft, Gérard Lachapelle · 2012 · Sensors
- Bottom-up estimation of joint moments during manual lifting using orientation sensors instead of position sensorsGert S. Faber, Idsart Kingma, Jaap H. van Dieën · 2010 · Journal of Biomechanics
- Human Arm Motion Tracking by Orientation-Based Fusion of Inertial Sensors and Kinect Using Unscented Kalman FilterArash Atrsaei, Hassan Salarieh, Aria Alasty · 2016 · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
- A hidden Markov model-based stride segmentation technique applied to equine inertial sensor trunk movement dataThilo Pfau, Marta Ferrari, Kevin J. Parsons, Alan M. Wilson · 2007 · Journal of Biomechanics
- Use of Body Model Constraints to Improve Accuracy of Inertial Motion CaptureA. D. Young · 2010 · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks
- Highly-sensitive and highly-correlative flexible motion sensors based on asymmetric piezotronic effectJae Won Lee, Byeong Uk Ye, Zhong Lin Wang, Jong‐Lam Lee, Jeong Min Baik · 2018 · Nano Energy
- Estimation of the Knee Flexion-Extension Angle During Dynamic Sport Motions Using Body-worn Inertial SensorsCarolin Jakob, Patrick Kugler, Felix Hebenstreit, Samuel Reinfelder, Ulf J. Jensen, Dominik Schuldhaus, Matthias Lochmann, Bjoern M. Eskofier · 2013 · International Conference on Body Area Networks
- Rider Trunk and Bicycle Pose Estimation With Fusion of Force/Inertial SensorsYizhai Zhang, Kuo Chen, Jingang Yi · 2013 · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Direction-sensitive smart monitoring of structures using heterogeneous smartphone sensor data and coordinate system transformationEkin Özer, Maria Qing Feng · 2017 · Smart Materials and Structures
- Portable Gait Lab: Estimating 3D GRF Using a Pelvis IMU in a Foot IMU Defined FrameMohamed Irfan Mohamed Refai, Bert-Jan F van Beijnum, Jaap H. Buurke, Petrus H. Veltink · 2020 · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Upper limb motion estimation from inertial measurementsHuiyu Zhou, Huosheng Hu · 2007 · Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)
- Estimation of Center of Mass Trajectory using Wearable Sensors during Golf Swing.Bijan Najafi, Jacqueline Lee-Eng, James S. Wrobel, Ruben Tobias Goebel · 2015 · PubMed Central
- Learning Trajectories for Robot Programing by Demonstration Using a Coordinated Mixture of Factor AnalyzersMatthew Field, David A. Stirling, Zengxi Stephen Pan, Fazel Naghdy · 2015 · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
- Real-time inverse kinematics for the upper limb: a model-based algorithm using segment orientationsBence J. Borbély, Péter Szolgay · 2017 · BioMedical Engineering OnLine
- Shoulder assessment according to the international classification of functioning by means of inertial sensor technologies: A systematic reviewLiesbet De Baets, Rob van der Straaten, Thomas Matheve, Annick A. A. Timmermans · 2017 · Gait & Posture
- An interactive Internet-based system for tracking upper limb motion in home-based rehabilitationShumei Zhang, Huosheng Hu, Huiyu Zhou · 2007 · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
- Measuring upper arm elevation using an inertial measurement unit: An exploration of sensor fusion algorithms and gyroscope modelsHoward Chen, Mark Christopher Schall, Nathan B. Fethke · 2020 · Applied Ergonomics
- Estimation of 3D Knee Joint Angles during Cycling Using Inertial Sensors: Accuracy of a Novel Sensor-to-Segment Calibration Procedure Based on Pedaling MotionSébastien Cordillet, Nicolas Bideau, Benoît Bideau, Guillaume Nicolas · 2019 · Sensors
- The Reliability and Validity of Wearable Inertial Sensors Coupled with the Microsoft Kinect to Measure Shoulder Range-of-MotionPeter Beshara, Judy F. Chen, Andrew C. Read, Pierre Lagadec, Tian Wang, William Robert Walsh · 2020 · Sensors
- Three-Axis Capacitive Sensor Arrays for Local and Global Shear Force DetectionJayer Fernandes, Jiangang Chen, Hongrui Jiang · 2021 · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems
- Mirror therapy with an exoskeleton upper-limb robot based on IMU measurement systemW.-W. Wang, Li‐Chen Fu · 2011 · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA)
- Body Sensor Networks for Monitoring Rowing TechniqueRachel C. King, Douglas G. McIlwraith, Benny P. L. Lo, Julien Pansiot, Alison H. McGregor, Guang‐Zhong Yang · 2009 · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks
- Conformal Self‐Powered Inertial Displacement Sensor with Geometric Optimization for In Situ Noninvasive Data AcquisitionYan Du, Penghui Shen, Houfang Liu, Zhiwei Zhang, Tian‐Ling Ren, Rui Shi, Zhong Lin Wang, Di Wei · 2024 · Advanced Functional Materials
- A Factorized Quaternion Approach to Determine the Arm Motions Using Triaxial Accelerometers With Anatomical and Sensor ConstraintsGuo Xiong Lee, Kay‐Soon Low · 2012 · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
- Tracking the kinematics of caudal-oscillatory swimming: a comparison of two on-animal sensing methodsLucía Martina Martín López, Natacha Aguilar de Soto, Patrick J. O. Miller, Mark P. Johnson · 2016 · Journal of Experimental Biology
- Modern Facilities for Experimental Measurement of Dynamic Loads Induced by Humans: A Literature ReviewVitomir Racić, Aleksandar Pavić, James Brownjohn · 2013 · Shock and Vibration
- Soft Robotic Glove with Sensing and Force Feedback for Rehabilitation in Virtual RealityFengguan Li, Jiahong Chen, Guanpeng Ye, Siwei Dong, Zishu Gao, Yitong Zhou · 2023 · Biomimetics
- A combination of gyroscope and accelerometer for identifying alternative feeding behaviours in fishYuuki Kawabata, Takuji Noda, Yuuki Nakashima, Atsushi Nanami, Taku J. Sato, Takayuki Takebe, Hiromichi Mitamura, Nobuaki Arai, Tomofumi Yamaguchi, Kiyoshi Soyano · 2014 · Journal of Experimental Biology
- Evolutionary Metric-Learning-Based Recognition Algorithm for Online Isolated Persian/Arabic Characters, Reconstructed Using Inertial Pen SignalsMajid Sepahvand, Fardin Abdali-Mohammadi, Farhad Mardukhi · 2016 · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
- Leveraging IMU data for accurate exercise performance classification and musculoskeletal injury risk screeningDarragh F. Whelan, Martin O’Reilly, Bingquan Huang, Oonagh Mary Giggins, Tahar Kechadi, Brian M. Caulfield · 2016 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
- Estimating the L5S1 flexion/extension moment in symmetrical lifting using a simplified ambulatory measurement systemAxel S. Koopman, Idsart Kingma, Gert S. Faber, Jonas Bornmann, Jaap H. van Dieën · 2017 · Journal of Biomechanics
- SafeWatchChongguang Bi, Jun Huang, Guoliang Xing, Landu Jiang, Xue Liu, Minghua Chen · 2019 · ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems
- A low-cost motion tracker and its error analysisWei Dong, Kwang Yong Lim, Young Koon Goh, Kim Doang Nguyen, I‐Ming Chen, Song Huat Yeo, Henry Been‐Lirn Duh · 2008 · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings
- Effect of mobility devices on orientation sensors that contain magnetometersCynthia Kendell, Edward D. Lemaire · 2009 · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
- A Robust Nonlinear Observer for Real-Time Attitude Estimation Using Low-Cost MEMS Inertial SensorsJose Fermi Guerrero-Castellanos, H. Madrigal-Sastre, Sylvain Durand, Lizeth Torres, German Ardul Munoz Hernandez · 2013 · Sensors
- Warp-Knitted Textile as a Strain Sensor: Characterization Procedure and Application in a Comfortable Wearable GoniometerAngela Grassi, Francesca Cecchi, Martina Maselli, Marloes Roling, Cecilia Laschi, Matteo Cianchetti · 2017 · IEEE Sensors Journal
- Closing the Wearable Gap: Mobile Systems for Kinematic Signal Monitoring of the Foot and AnkleTony Luczak, David N. Saucier, Reuben F. V. Burch, John E. Ball, Harish Chander, Adam Charles Knight, Pan Wei, Ahmed Tashfin Iftekhar · 2018 · Electronics
- Can activity monitors predict outcomes in patients with heart failure? A systematic reviewMatthew K.H. Tan, Joanna Kae Ling Wong, Kishan Bakrania, Yusuf S. Abdullahi, Leanne Harling, Roberto Casula, Alex V. Rowlands, Thanos Athanasiou, Omar A. Jarral · 2018 · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes
- Inertial Measurement Unit Based Upper Extremity Motion Characterization for Action Research Arm Test and Activities of Daily LivingHyung Seok Nam, Woo Hyung Lee, Han Gil Seo, Yoon Jae Kim, Moon Suk Bang, Sungwan Kim · 2019 · Sensors
- Gait Rehabilitation therapy using robot generated force fields applied at the pelvisMaciej Dariusz Pietrusinski, Iahn Cajigas, Yuhannes Mizikacioglu, Mary T. Goldsmith, Paolo Bonato, Constantinos Mavroidis · 2010 · IEEE Haptics Symposium
- Wireless Support to Poststroke Rehabilitation: MyHeart's Neurological Rehabilitation ConceptGiorgino, T., Tormene, P., Maggioni, G., Pistarini, C., Quaglini, S. · 2009 · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
- Validation of an inertial measurement unit to determine countermovement jump heightEmil Toft Petersen, Peter Bo Jørgensen, Inger Mechlenburg, Henrik Sørensen · 2018 · Asia-Pacific Journal of Sports Medicine Arthroscopy Rehabilitation and Technology
- Validation of Thigh Angle Estimation Using Inertial Measurement Unit Data against Optical Motion Capture SystemsNimsiri Abhayasinghe, Iain D. Murray, Shiva Sharif Bidabadi · 2019 · Sensors
- An adaptive Kalman-based Bayes estimation technique to classify locomotor activities in young and elderly adults through accelerometersRossana Muscillo, Maurizio Schmid, Silvia Conforto, Tommaso D’Alessio · 2010 · Medical Engineering & Physics
- Nonlinear optimization for drift removal in estimation of gait kinematics based on accelerometersMilica D. Djuric-Jovicic, Nenad S. Jovičić, Dejan B. Popović, Antonije R. Djordjevic · 2012 · Journal of Biomechanics