Measuring orientation of human body segments using miniature gyroscopes and accelerometers

Luinge, H. J., Veltink, P. H.·2005·Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing

Cited by (645)

Items 301–400 of 645

  1. Estimation of Foot Trajectory and Stride Length during Level Ground Running Using Foot-Mounted Inertial Measurement Units
    Yuta Suzuki, Michael E. Hahn, Yasushi Enomóto · 2022 · Sensors
  2. Orientation Control for Indoor Virtual Landmarks based on Hybrid-based Markerless Augmented Reality
    Fadhil Noer Afif, Ahmad Hoirul Basori · 2013 · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
  3. A calibration process for tracking upper limb motion with inertial sensors
    Hao Yang, Juntao Ye · 2011 · IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA)
  4. Using inertial measurement units originally developed for biomechanics for modal testing of civil engineering structures
    David Hester, James Brownjohn, Mateusz Bocian, Yan Xu, Antonino Quattrone · 2017 · Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing
  5. Biomechanical Ambulatory Assessment of 3D Knee Angle Using Novel Inertial Sensor-Based Technique
    Lai Kuan Tham, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Mouaz Al Kouzbary, Kamiar Aminian · 2021 · IEEE Access
  6. Measurement and Estimation of 3D Orientation using Magnetic and Inertial Sensors
    Zunyi Tang, Masaki Sekine, TOSHIYO TAMURA, Noriko Tanaka, Masaki Yoshida, Wenxi Chen · 2015 · Advanced Biomedical Engineering
  7. Distributed estimation of linear acceleration for improved accuracy in wireless inertial motion capture
    A. D. Young, M. J. Ling, D. K. Arvind · 2010 · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)
  8. Compensation for Magnetic Disturbances in Motion Estimation to Provide Feedback to Wearable Robotic Systems
    Sebastjan Šlajpah, Roman Kamnik, Marko Munih · 2017 · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
  9. Accelerometry-Based Distance Estimation for Ambulatory Human Motion Analysis
    Juan Carlos Alvarez, Diego Álvarez, Antonio M. López · 2018 · Sensors
  10. Markerless Human Motion Tracking Using Microsoft Kinect SDK and Inverse Kinematics
    Alireza Bilesan, Saeed Behzadipour, Teppei Tsujita, Shunsuke Komizunai, Atsushi Konno · 2019
  11. Design and implementation of a user-centric swimming performance monitoring tool
    Sarah L. Mullane, N. Chakravorti, Paul P. Conway, Andrew A. West · 2011 · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
  12. Automatic realtime offset calibration of gyroscopes
    Manuel Glueck, Dayo Oshinubi, Yiannos Manoli · 2013 · IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)
  13. A Mobile Low-Cost Motion Capture System Based on Accelerometers
    Jan-Phillip Tiesel, Jörn Loviscach · 2006 · Lecture notes in computer science
  14. A heading observer for ROVs under roll and pitch oscillations and acceleration disturbances using low-cost sensors
    Khoa Duy Le, Hung Duc Nguyen, Dev Ranmuthugala, Alexander L. Forrest · 2015 · Ocean Engineering
  15. Measuring uniaxial joint angles with a minimal accelerometer configuration
    Wei Dong, I‐Ming Chen, Kwang Yong Lim, Y. K. Goh · 2007 · International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology
  16. Evaluation of a Wearable Sensor System Monitoring Posture Changes and Activities for Use in Rehabilitation
    Kosuke Motoi, Shinobu Tanaka, Yutaka Kuwae, Tadahiko Yuji, Yuji Higashi, Toshiro Fujimoto, Ken-ichi Yamakoshi · 2007 · Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics
  17. Automatic noise estimation and context-enhanced data fusion of IMU and Kinect for human motion measurement
    Ali Akbari, Xien Thomas, Roozbeh Jafari · 2017 · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks
  18. Biometrically Measured Affect for Screen-Based Drone Pilot Skill Acquisition
    Fatemeh Dalilian, David A. Nembhard · 2023 · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
  19. Real-time joint angle measurement using the Shimmer wireless sensor platform
    Karol J. O’Donovan, Steve J. Ayer · 2011 · ACM Workshop on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services for Healthcare (mHealthSys)
  20. Enhancing clinically-relevant shoulder function assessment using only essential movements
    Claude Pichonnaz, Estelle Lécureux, JP Bassin, C. Duc, Alain Farron, Kamiar Aminian, Brigitte M. Jolles, Nigel Gleeson · 2015 · Physiological Measurement
  21. A multi-parameter assessment tool for upper limb motion in neurorehabilitation
    Lu Bai, Matthew Pepper, Yong Gang Yan, Sarah K. Spurgeon, Mohamed Sakel, Malcolm Phillips · 2011 · IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference
  22. Evaluation of suitability of a micro-processing unit of motion analysis for upper limb tracking
    José Antonio Barraza Madrigal, Eladio Cardiel, Pablo Rogeli, Lorenzo Leija Salas, R. Muñoz · 2016 · Medical Engineering & Physics
  23. Inertial and time-of-arrival ranging sensor fusion
    Paul Vasilyev, Sean Pearson, Mahmoud El‐Gohary, Mateo Aboy, James McNames · 2017 · Gait & Posture
  24. EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON BETWEEN MAHONEY AND COMPLEMENTARY SENSOR FUSION ALGORITHM FOR ATTITUDE DETERMINATION BY RAW SENSOR DATA OF XSENS IMU ON BUOY
    Arash Jouybari, Alireza Azmoudeh Ardalan, Mohammad‐Hadi Rezvani · 2017 · The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences
  25. Estimation of knee joint angle during gait cycle using inertial measurement unit sensors: a method of sensor-to-clinical bone calibration on the lower limb skeletal model
    Sentong Wang, Yunan Cai, Kazunori HASE, Kazuo UCHIDA, Daisuke Kondo, Tsuguya SAITOU, Susumu Ota · 2021 · Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering
  26. Assessment in daily life. A Review of Computer-assisted Methodologies and Applications in Psychology and Psychophysiology, years 2000-2005
    Jochen Fahrenberg · 2006 · PsyDok Dokumentenserver für die Psychologie (Leibniz-Zentrum für Psychologische Information und Dokumentation)
  27. Gait analysis: overview, trends, and challenges
    Arnaldo Gomes Leal Junior, Anselmo Frizera · 2022 · Elsevier eBooks
  28. A portable device for the clinical assessment of upper limb motion and muscle synergies
    Alessio Murgia, V Kerkhofs, Hans H. C. M. Savelberg, Kenneth Meijer · 2010 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
  29. VRACK: Measuring pedal kinematics during stationary bike cycling
    Amir Bahador Farjadian, Qingchao Kong, Venkata K. Gade, Judith E. Deutsch, Constantinos Mavroidis · 2013 · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics
  30. Human Back Movement Analysis Using BSN
    Zhiqiang Zhang, Julien Pansiot, Benny P. L. Lo, Guang‐Zhong Yang · 2011 · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks
  31. A mini wearable wireless sensor for rehabilitation applications
    Reza Abbasi‐Kesbi, Alireza Nikfarjam · 2015 · RSI International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ICRoM)
  32. Wearable Systems for Monitoring Mobility Related Activities
    Wiebren Zijlstra, Clemens Becker, Klaus Pfeiffer · 2011 · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series
  33. Assessment of chest compression depth obtained using the PocketCPR as an educational tool according to smartphone attachment site
    Joonbum Park, Tae Ho Lim, Youngjoo Lee, Wonhee Kim, Yongil Cho, Hyunggoo Kang · 2016 · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
  34. Classification of Wheelchair Related Shoulder Loading Activities from Wearable Sensor Data: A Machine Learning Approach
    Wiebe H. K. De Vries, Sabrina Amrein, Ursina Arnet, Laura Mayrhuber, Cristina Ehrmann, H.E.J. Veeger · 2022 · Sensors
  35. Estimation of Ankle Moment using Ambulatory Measurement of Ground Reaction Force and Movement of Foot and Ankle
    H. Martin Schepers, Petrus H. Veltink · 2006 · IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)
  36. Modeling and control of single-track vehicles
    Yizhai Zhang · 2014
  37. Orientation estimation in mobile virtual environments with inertial sensors
    Bhoram Lee, Won-Chul Bang, James Kim, Chang‐Hun Kim · 2011 · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
  38. Accurate Attitude Estimation Using ARS under Conditions of Vehicle Movement Based on Disturbance Acceleration Adaptive Estimation and Correction
    Li Xing, Yijun Hang, Zhi Xiong, Jianye Liu, Zhong Wan · 2016 · Sensors
  39. A quaternion-based tilt angle correction method for a hand-held device using an inertial measurement unit
    Seong-hoon Peter Won, Neda Parnian, Farid Golnaraghi, William Melek · 2008 · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON)
  40. Overview of Smart White Canes: Connected Smart Cane from Front End to Back End
    Gianmario Motta, Tianyi Ma, Kaixu Liu, Edwige E. Pissaloux, Muhammad Najmil Yusro, Kalamullah Ramli, Jean Connier, Philippe Vaslin, Jian‐Jin Li, Christophe de Vaulx et al. · 2017 · Springer eBooks
  41. Novel approach to human walking speed enhancement based on drift estimation
    Krzysztof Brzostowski · 2018 · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
  42. Can a Rescuer or Simulated Patient Accurately Assess Motion During Cervical Spine Stabilization Practice Sessions?
    Ian Shrier, Patrick Boissy, Simon Brière, Jay Mellette, Luc Fecteau, Gordon O. Matheson, Daniel Garza, Willem H Meeuwisse, Eli Segal, John Boulay et al. · 2012 · Journal of Athletic Training
  43. A Comparison of Examination Equipment Used During Common Clinical Ophthalmologic Tasks
    Mark Christopher Schall, Nathan B. Fethke, Howard Chen, Anna S. Kitzmann · 2014 · IIE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors
  44. A Calibration Procedure for MIMU Sensors Allowing for the Calculation of Elbow Angles
    Denny Wells, Andrea Cereatti, Valentina Camomilla, Cyril J. Donnelly, Bruce Clifford Elliott, Jacqueline A. Alderson · 2015 · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
  45. A Control of Balancing Robot
    Hyung Gi Min, Jihoon Kim, Ju-Han Yoon, Eun-Tae Jeung, Sung-Ha Kwon · 2010 · Journal of Institute of Control Robotics and Systems
  46. Pose estimation in physical human-machine interactions with application to bicycle riding
    Yizhai Zhang, Kuo Chen, Jingang Yi, Liu Liu · 2014 · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
  47. 3D Upper Limb Motion Modeling and Estimation Using Wearable Micro-sensors
    Zhiqiang Zhang, Lawrence W.C. Wong, Jiankang Wu · 2010 · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks
  48. A low-cost high-fidelity ultrasound simulator with the inertial tracking of the probe pose
    Saverio Farsoni, Marcello Bonfè, Luca Astolfi · 2016 · Control Engineering Practice
  49. A motion capture algorithm based on inertia-Kinect sensors for lower body elements and step length estimation
    Javad Abbasi, Hassan Salarieh, Aria Alasty · 2020 · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
  50. Real-Time Attitude Tracking of Capsule Endoscope Based on MEMS IMU and Error Analysis
    Zhuokang Huang, Chengzhi Hu · 2021 · IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR)
  51. Semantics in Mobile Sensing
    Zhixian Yan, Dipanjan Chakraborty · 2014 · Synthesis lectures on the semantic web
  52. Heightened clinical utility of smartphone versus body-worn inertial system for shoulder function B-B score
    Claude Pichonnaz, Kamiar Aminian, Céline Ancey, Hervé Jaccard, Estelle Lécureux, Cyntia Duc, Alain Farron, Brigitte M. Jolles, Nigel Gleeson · 2017 · PLoS ONE
  53. Novel approach for lower limb segment orientation in gait analysis using triaxial accelerometers
    Kun Liu, Tao Liu, Kyoko SHIBATA, Yoshio Inoue, Rencheng Zheng · 2008 · IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics
  54. Real-time spotting of human activities in industrial environments
    Thomas Stiefmeier · 2008 · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)
  55. Human Motion Tracking and Orientation Estimation using inertial sensors and RSSI measurements
    Ami Luttwak · 2011
  56. On the Interpretation of 3D Gyroscope Measurements
    Stančin, Sara, Tomažič, Sašo · 2018 · Journal of Sensors
  57. MOCAP and AI-Based Automated Physical Demand Analysis for Workplace Safety
    Ramin Aliasgari, Chao Fan, Xinming Li, Alireza Golabchi, Farook Hamzeh · 2024 · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
  58. Wearable approaches for non-invasive monitoring of tendons: A scoping review
    Halldór Kárason, Pierluigi Ritrovato, Nicola Maffulli, Aldo Roberto Boccaccini, Francesco Tortorella · 2024 · Internet of Things
  59. Upper Body Motion Tracking System with Inertial Sensors for Ergonomic Issues in Industrial Environments
    Francesco Caputo, Egidio D’Amato, Stefania Spada, Fabrizio Sessa, Marco Losardo · 2016 · Advances in intelligent systems and computing
  60. Personalized and Nonparametric Framework for Detecting Changes in Gait Cycles
    Saeb Ragani Lamooki, Jiyeon Kang, Lora Anne Cavuoto, Fadel M. Megahed, L. Allison Jones‐Farmer · 2021 · IEEE Sensors Journal
  61. Sensor fusion applied to position estimation and gait identification of an ankle-foot orthosis
    Cleiton Caltran, Adriano A. G. Siqueira · 2011 · ISSNIP Biosignals and Biorobotics Conference: Biosignals and Robotics for Better and Safer Living
  62. Two stage Kalman filtering for position estimation using dual Inertial Measurement Units
    Nagesh Yadav, Chris J. Bleakley · 2011 · Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ...
  63. A Nonlinear Dynamics-Based Estimator for Functional Electrical Stimulation: Preliminary Results From Lower-Leg Extension Experiments
    Marcus Allen, Qiang Zhong, Nicholas Andrew Kirsch, Ashwin P. Dani, William W. Clark, Nitin Sharma · 2017 · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
  64. Using a foot mounted accelerometer to detect changes in gait patterns
    Matthew Patterson, Brian Caulfield · 2013 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
  65. Roadmap for the Development of at-Home Telemonitoring Systems to Augment Occupational Therapy
    Leia Stirling, Julie MacLean · 2015 · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems
  66. Wireless realtime motion tracking system using localised orientation estimation
    A. D. Young · 2010 · ERA
  67. Determining the Most Appropriate Assistive Walking Device Using the Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Gait Analysis System in Disabled Patients
    Junhee Lee, Chang Hoon Bae, Aeri Jang, Seoyon Yang, Hasuk Bae · 2020 · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
  68. Estimating the orientation of a rigid body moving in space using inertial sensors
    He Li Peng, Philippe Cardou, André Desbiens, Éric Gagnon · 2014 · Multibody System Dynamics
  69. Head Impact Kinematics Estimation With Network of Inertial Measurement Units
    Calvin Kuo, Jake Sganga, Michael Fanton, David B. Camarillo · 2018 · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
  70. Lamotrigine Induces Tremor among Epilepsy Patients Probably via Cerebellar Pathways
    Andrea Kovács, Zsuzsanna Farkas, Anna Kelemen, Vera Juhos, Anna Szűcs, Anita Kamondi · 2019 · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
  71. Body area wireless sensor networks for the analysis of cycling performance
    Raluca Marin-Perianu, Mihai Marin-Perianu, David Rouffet, Simon B. Taylor, Paul Havinga, Rezaul K. Begg, Marimuthu Swami Palaniswami · 2010 · International Conference on Body Area Networks
  72. Human pose recovery for rehabilitation using ambulatory sensors
    Jonathan Feng-Shun Lin, Dana Kulić · 2013 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
  73. Determining inertial measurement unit placement for estimating human trunk sway while standing, walking and running
    Bo Yu, Tian Bao, Dingguo Zhang, Wendy J. Carender, Kathleen H. Sienko, Peter Bradley Shull · 2015 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
  74. Position and orientation estimation using Kalman filtering and particle diltering with one IMU and one position sensor
    Seong-hoon Peter Won, William Melek, Farid Golnaraghi · 2008 · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON)
  75. An interactive motion-tracking system for home-based assessing and training reach-to-target tasks in stroke survivors—a preliminary study
    Wenke Fan, Yuling Zhang, Qing Mei Wang, Yulong Bai, Yi Wu · 2020 · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
  76. Automatic Detection of Magnetic Disturbances in Magnetic Inertial Measurement Unit Sensors Based on Recurrent Neural Networks
    Elkyn Alexander Belalcázar-Bolaños, Diego Torricelli, José Luis Pons · 2023 · Sensors
  77. Validity of an Inertial Measurement Unit System to Measure Lower Limb Kinematics at Point of Contact during Incremental High-Speed Running
    Lisa Wolski, Mark Halaki, Claire E. Hiller, Evangelos Pappas, Alycia Fong Yan · 2024 · Sensors
  78. DOES: A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Estimate Roll and Pitch at Sea
    Fabiana Di Ciaccio, Paolo Russo, Salvatore Troisi · 2022 · IEEE Access
  79. Biomechanical model-based multi-sensor motion estimation
    Guanhong Tao, Zhipei Huang, Yingfei Sun, Shengyun Yao, Jiankang Wu · 2013 · IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)
  80. The development and validation of an inertial sensor for measuring cycling kinematics: a preliminary study
    Stuart Evans, Kenneth Ballhause, Daniel Arthur James, D. D. Rowlands, James B. Lee · 2022 · Journal Of Science & Cycling
  81. QUANTIFYING AND LEARNING HUMAN MOVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS FOR FALL PREVENTION IN THE ELDERLY USING INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNITS AND NEURAL NETWORKS
    Stephen Slaughter, Caroline Hilbert, Noah Jouett, M. C. Mcewen · 2009
  82. Non-drifting limb angle measurement relative to the gravitational vector during dynamic motions using accelerometers and rate gyros
    Andrew J. Petruska, Sanford G. Meek · 2011 · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
  83. Analysis of kinematic data in pathological tremor with the Hilbert-Huang transform
    Juan Álvaro Gallego, Eduardo Rocón, Aikaterini D. Koutsou, José Luis Pons · 2011 · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering
  84. Effectiveness of cervical spine stabilisation techniques
    Patrick Boissy, Ian Shrier, Jay Mellette, Luc Fecteau, Gordon O. Matheson, D Garza, Willem H Meeuwisse, Eli Segal, John Boulay, Russell John Steele · 2011 · British Journal of Sports Medicine
  85. Biomechanics of walking with snowshoes
    Raymond C. Browning, Rebecca N. Kurtz, Hugo A. Kerhervé · 2011 · Sports Biomechanics
  86. Validation of gyroscope sensors for snow sports performance monitoring
    Cameron Ross, Peter Lambs, Paul R. McAlpine, Gavin Kennedy, Chris Button · 2020 · Int. J. Comput. Sci. Sport
  87. The Protraction and Retraction Angles of Horse Limbs: An Estimation during Trotting Using Inertial Sensors
    Marie Sapone, Pauline Martin, Khalil Ben Mansour, Henry Château, Frédéric Marin · 2021 · Sensors
  88. Using an inertial navigation algorithm and accelerometer to monitor chest compression depth during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    Salah Boussen, Harold N. Ibouanga-Kipoutou, Nathalie Fournier, Yves Godio‐Raboutet, Maxime Llari, Nicolas J. Bruder, Pierre‐Jean Arnoux, Michel Behr · 2016 · Medical Engineering & Physics
  89. Improving modified tardieu scale assessment using inertial measurement unit with visual biofeedback
    Seo‐Young Choi, Jonghyun Kim · 2016 · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
  90. Development of a wearable mobility monitoring system
    G. Hache · 2010 · uO Research (University of Ottawa)
  91. Experimental verification of an orientation estimation technique for autonomous robotic platforms
    Iyad Hashlamon · 2010 · Sabanci University
  92. Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Approaches for Fetal Movement Detection with Linear Acceleration and Angular Rate Signals
    Lucy Spicher, Carrie L. Bell, Kathleen H. Sienko, Xun Huan · 2025 · Sensors
  93. Measurement Uncertainty and Traceability in Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robotics: A Metrology-Oriented Review
    Ihtisham Ul Haq, Francesco Felicetti, Francesco Lamonaca · 2026 · Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks
  94. Modified Fukuda stepping motion assessment of young healthy adults using portable inertial measurement units
    Toru Miwa, Tomohisa Yasuda, Teppei Kouga, Kishiko Sunami · 2023 · Heliyon
  95. Assessing the Impact of Sensor Orientation on Accelerometer-Derived Angles: A Systematic Analysis and Proposed Error Reduction
    F. A. McClintock, Andrew J. Callaway, Carol Clark, Jonathan Mark Williams · 2024 · Applied Sciences
  96. Comparing the Ground Reaction Forces, Toe Clearances, and Stride Lengths of Young and Older Adults Using a Novel Shoe Sensor System
    Hide Matsumoto, Masaki Tomosada, Toshiaki Nishi, Yoshihiro Sasaki, Ryota Sakurai, Takeshi Yamaguchi · 2024 · Sensors
  97. Enabling Technologies for Robust Performance Monitoring (P10)
    Laura Justham, Sian Slawson, Andrew A West, PAUL P. CONWAY, Michael P. Caine, Robert Harrison · 2009 · The Engineering of Sport 7
  98. A Sequential Orientation Kalman Filter for AHRS Limiting Effects of Magnetic Disturbance to Heading Estimation
    Jung Keun Lee, Mi Jin Choi · 2017 · Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
  99. Ambulatory balance monitoring using a wireless attachable three-axis accelerometer
    Soo-Chan Kim, Mi Joo Kim, Nambeom Kim, Jong Hyun Hwang, Gyu Cheol Han · 2013 · Journal of Vestibular Research
  100. Design of Complementary Filter using Least Square Method
    Hyung Gi Min, Ju-Han Yoon, Ji‐Hoon Kim, Sung-Ha Kwon, E.T. Jeung · 2011 · Journal of Institute of Control Robotics and Systems