Applying the RE-AIM framework to assess the public health impact of policy change
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Planning and evaluation models have been developed to assess the public health impact of health promotion interventions. However, few have been applied to health policies. There is an important need for models to help design and evaluate health policies. METHODS: This article applies the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) planning and evaluation framework to health policies. We provide definitions and application examples for different policies. RESULTS: As demonstrated by a case study, the RE-AIM dimensions and definitions can also apply to policies. Considerations regarding compliance and enforcement are presented to clarify the complex implementation dimension. CONCLUSIONS: The RE-AIM framework can be useful in estimating public health impact, comparing different health policies, planning policies designed for increased likelihood of success, and identifying areas for integration of policies with other health promotion strategies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Glasgow et al. recently extended their RE-AIM framework for public health interventions to health policies, revealing the challenges associated with policy as a practice-change lever.
“Glasgow et al.[120] recently extended their heretofore behaviorally focused RE-AIM framework for public health interventions to health policies, revealing the challenges associated with policy as a practice-change lever.”
From Writing implementation research grant proposals: ten key ingredients (2012) · cites this paper as [120]
Cites
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203710753-35 · Cited by 37,557 · see citing works
Valente, T. W. (2003) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.gim.0000061743.67794.c4 · Cited by 20,555 · see citing works
An ecological perspective on health promotion programs
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500401 · Cited by 8,502 · see citing works
Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework.
Glasgow, R. E., Vogt, T. M., & Boles, S. M. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1322 · Cited by 7,217 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine
(1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195108248.001.0001 · Cited by 7,193 · see citing works
An ecological approach to creating active living communities
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100 · Cited by 3,296 · see citing works
The American Journal of Managed Care
(2020) · The American Journal of Managed Care · doi:10.37765/ajmc · Cited by 3,238 · see citing works
Health behavior and health education
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-2173 · Cited by 2,919 · see citing works
Des Jarlais, D. C., Lyles, C., Crepaz, N., & the TREND Group (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.3.361 · Cited by 2,817 · see citing works
(2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.19.2423-c · Cited by 2,325 · see citing works
Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion.
Stokols, D. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.1.6 · Cited by 2,018 · see citing works
Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.8.1261 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Self-citation(1999) · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Sallis, J. F., Bauman, A. E., & Pratt, M. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00076-2 · Cited by 1,194 · see citing works
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Haynes, M. A., & Last, J. M. (1985) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)31428-4 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention
White, K. L. (1985) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03360230107041 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
A Prospective and Retrospective Look at the Diffusion Model
Rogers, E. M. (2004) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730490271449 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Glasgow, R. E., Klesges, L. M., Dzewaltowski, D. A., Bull, S. S., & Estabrooks, P. (2004) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2701_2 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Self-citationGlasgow, R. E. (2006) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyl081 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Self-citationAgendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy, by John W. Kingdon
Brodkin, E. Z. (1985) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2150882 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Green, L. W., Kreuter, M. W., & Lefebvre, R. C. (2000) · Social Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15245004.2000.9961104 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Obesity prevention: a proposed framework for translating evidence into action
Swinburn, B. A., Gill, T. P., & Kumanyika, S. (2005) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2005.00184.x · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Can scientists and policy makers work together?: Table 1
Choi, B. C. K., Pang, T., Lin, V., Puska, P., Sherman, G., Goddard, M., Ackland, M. J., Sainsbury, P., Stachenko, S., Morrison, H., et al. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.031765 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
(2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143768.001.0001 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
The Social Ecology of Health Promotion: Implications for Research and Practice
Stokols, D., Allen, J. R., & Bellingham, R. (1996) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-10.4.247 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Decision Making in Public Health
Brownson, R. C., Gurney, J. G., & Land, G. H. (1999) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/00124784-199909000-00012 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Caloric imbalance and public health policy.
Koplan, J. P., & Dietz, W. (1999) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1579 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Klesges, L. M., Estabrooks, P. A., Dzewaltowski, D. A., Bull, S. S., & Glasgow, R. E. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2902s_10 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity-level comparisons between the grocery store environment and individual dietary practices
Cheadle, A. D., Psaty, B. M., Curry, S., Wagner, E. H., Diehr, P. H., Koepsell, T. D., & Kristal, A. R. (1991) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90024-x · Cited by 301 · see citing works
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
(2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(18)30657-0 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Schmid, T. L., Pratt, M., & Howze, E. H. (1995) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.85.9.1207 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
eHealth Evaluation and Dissemination Research
Glasgow, R. E. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.023 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citation(2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Health promotion by encouraged use of stairs
Blamey, A., Mutrie, N., & Tom, A. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7000.289 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Evaluation of red light camera enforcement in Oxnard, California
Retting, R. A., Williams, A. F., Farmer, C. M., et al. (1999) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(98)00059-1 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Behavior change intervention research in community settings: how generalizable are the results?
Dzewaltowski, D. A. (2004) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dah211 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
A Framework for Physical Activity Policy Research
Schmid, T. L., Pratt, M., & Witmer, L. (2006) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s20 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Pekka, P., Pirjo, P., & Ulla, U. (2002) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2001300 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Social Ecology and Behavioral Medicine: Implications for Training, Practice, and Policy
Stokols, D. (2000) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964280009595760 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Translating Research to Practice
Glasgow, R. E. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.8.2451 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationBull, S. S., Gillette, C., Glasgow, R. E., & Estabrooks, P. (2003) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198103254340 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex Causal Process Diagrams for Analyzing the Health Impacts of Policy Interventions
Joffe, M., & Mindell, J. S. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.063693 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Estabrooks, P. A., Dzewaltowski, D. A., Glasgow, R. E., & Klesges, L. M. (2003) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb06554.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving the State of Health Programming by Using Diffusion Theory
Dearing, J. W. (2004) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730490271502 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The New Public Health Approach to Improving Physical Activity and Autonomy in Older Populations
McKinlay, J. B. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1979-9_10 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A population perspective to evidence based medicine: “evidence for population health”
Heller, R. F., & Page, J. (2002) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.56.1.45 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Brooks, D., & Solway, S. (2006) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1191/1479972306cd086ed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Methodologies for realizing the potential of health impact assessment
Cole, B. L., Shimkhada, R., Fielding, J. E., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fuchs, V. R. (1993) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Glasgow, R. E., Whitlock, E. P., VALANIS, B. G., & VOGT, T. M. (2000) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895117 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPassive and active measures for controlling disease and injury: The role of health psychologists.
Williams, A. F. (1982) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0090242 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Public Health Impact of Changes in Smoking Behavior
Tengs, T. O., Osgood, N. D., & Lin, T. H. (2001) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200110000-00010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Tengs, T. O., Ahmad, S., Moore, R., & Gage, E. (2004) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20051 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Glasgow, R. E., Strycker, L. A., King, D. K., Toobert, D. J., Rahm, A. K., Jex, M., & Nutting, P. A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying best practices for WISEWOMAN programs using a mixed-methods evaluation.
Besculides, M. C., Zaveri, H. H., Farris, R. P., & Will, J. C. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interventions That are CURRES: Cost-Effective, Useful, Realistic, Robust, Evolving, and Sustainable
Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., Flannery, D., & Duan, N. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18611-0_17 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Economic Analysis of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program for Postmenopausal Women With Diabetes
Ritzwoller, D. P., Toobert, D. J., Sukhanova, A., & Glasgow, R. E. (2006) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721706291757 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationTREND: AN IMPORTANT STEP, BUT NOT ENOUGH
Dzewaltowski, D. A., Estabrooks, P. A., Klesges, L. M., & Glasgow, R. E. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.9.1474 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The RE-AIM framework: a systematic review of use over time
Gaglio, B., Shoup, J. A., & Glasgow, R. E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301299 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Self-citationReis, R. S., Salvo, D., Ogilvie, D., Lambert, E. V., Goenka, S., & Brownson, R. C. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30728-0 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Vis, C., Mol, M., Kleiboer, A., Bührmann, L., Finch, T., Smit, J., & Riper, H. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9769 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Koh, H. K., Oppenheimer, S. C., Massin-Short, S. B., Emmons, K. M., Geller, A. C., & Viswanath, K. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.167353 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Writing implementation research grant proposals: ten key ingredients
Proctor, E. K., Powell, B. J., Baumann, A. A., Hamilton, A. M., & Santens, R. L. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-96 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Childhood Obesity Policy Research and Practice
Brennan, L. K., Brownson, R. C., & Orleans, C. T. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.022 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Personalizing behavioral interventions through single-patient (N-of-1) trials
Davidson, K. W., Peacock, J., Kronish, I. M., & Edmondson, D. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12121 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The next phase in professional services research: From implementation to sustainability
Crespo-Gonzalez, C., Garcia-Cardenas, V., & Benrimoj, S. I. (2017) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.05.020 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
for the Partners Scale Up Team, Mugwanya, K. K., Irungu, E., Bukusi, E., Mugo, N. R., Odoyo, J., Wamoni, E., Ngure, K., Morton, J. F., Peebles, K., et al. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0809-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
How are qualitative methods used in diabetes research? A 30-year systematic review
Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., Sekar, S., Griswold, E. P., & Ali, M. K. (2017) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1120337 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jilcott, S., Ammerman, A., Sommers, J., & Glasgow, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glasgow, Russell E.
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 105-114
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- OpenAlex
- W1970231984
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (1 R01 CA 90974-01, RO1 CA 90974-01, R01CA090974)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Public Health Policies and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Keywords
- RE-AIM framework, health policy evaluation, public health impact, health promotion policy, policy implementation, policy adoption, policy maintenance, policy effectiveness, health policy planning
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Food Labeling, Health Plan Implementation, Health Policy, Health Promotion, Humans, Risk Factors, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Health Behavior, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Evidence-Based Medicine, Guideline Adherence, Trans Fatty Acids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
