The DOI matches its Crossref record; 179 of the 179 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Antiepileptic drugs and the developing brain
Open accessAbstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in young humans. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) which are used to treat seizures in infants, children and pregnant women can cause cognitive impairment, microcephaly and birth defects. Ion channels, neurotransmitters and second messenger systems constitute molecular targets of AEDs. The same targets regulate brain processes essential both for propagation of seizures and for learning, memory and emotional behavior. Thus, AEDs can influence brain function and brain development in undesired ways. Here we review mechanisms of action of AEDs, examine clinical evidence for their adverse effects in the developing human brain, and present studies on cognitive and behavioral effects in animal models. Furthermore, we discuss mechanisms responsible for adverse effects of AEDs in the developing mammalian brain, including interference with cell proliferation and migration, axonal arborization, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity and physiological apoptotic cell death.
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“Important is also that the anti-epileptic drugs, given at young age or during pregnancy, can have major neurodevelopmental implications as well.”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [391]
Citations
Cites
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Development of prefrontal cortex
Kolk, S. M., & Rakic, P. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9 · Cited by 378
A developmental and genetic classification for midbrain-hindbrain malformations
Barkovich, A. J., Millen, K. J., & Dobyns, W. B. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp247 · Cited by 285
“Thus, just as accentuated apopto- sis can cause cerebral hypoplasia, it causes cerebellar hypoplasia, as well (Kaindl et al., 2006; Takano et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBehavioral and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Pediatric Epilepsy: Toward an Integrative Model
AUSTIN, J. K., & Caplan, R. (2007) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01154.x · Cited by 222
“In addition, poorly controlled seizures and AED polytherapy might negatively affect brain development (see review in Kaindl et al., 2006), cognition, language, and behavior in young children (Bulteau et al., 2000; Harbord, 2000).”
BackgroundMartin, J., Heymann, A., Bäsell, K., Baron, R., Biniek, R., Bürkle, H., Dall, P., Dictus, C., Eggers, V., Eichler, I., et al. (2010) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3205/000091 · Cited by 184
“• For premature and fullterm neonates, both chloral hydrate (orally or rectally) and phenobarbital should be used only after careful riskbenefit-analysis (particular consideration should be paid to the effects on cerebral development and duration of ventilation) [208] [209].”
BackgroundArndt, D. H., Lerner, J. T., Matsumoto, J. H., Madikians, A., Yudovin, S., Valino, H., McArthur, D. L., Wu, J. Y., Leung, M., Buxey, F., et al. (2013) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12369 · Cited by 168
“However, it has been shown that antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) do not prevent late PTE and are not without their own risk, particularly on the developing brain (Temkin et al., 1990; Bittigau et al., 1999; Olney et al., 2004; Young et al., 2004; Kaindl et al., 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kaindl, A. M., Asimiadou, S., Manthey, D., Hagen, M. V. D., Turski, L., & Ikonomidou, C.
- Affiliations
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Solvay (Netherlands) (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Ikonomidou, C.
- Venue
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS
- Published
- 2006-01-02
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 399-413
- ISSN
- 1420-682X (ISSN-L)
- 1420-9071
- PMC
- PMC11136147
- OpenAlex
- W1963567657
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Keywords
- antiepileptic drugs, adverse drug reactions, developing brain, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, microcephaly, congenital malformations, ion channels, neurotransmitters, second messenger signaling, seizure propagation, learning and memory, behavioral effects, cell proliferation, neuronal migration, axonal arborization, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, apoptosis, prenatal drug exposure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anticonvulsants, Brain, Epilepsy, Humans, Neurons, Apoptosis
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