Preventing hypoglycaemia: what is the appropriate glucose alert value?
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0 of 28 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
The recommended alert threshold of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is much higher than the glucose levels that cause symptoms in people with well-controlled diabetes.
“and substantially higher than those that do so in people with well-controlled diabetes [11]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Tamborlane WV (1988) Effect of intensive insulin therapy on glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone release. Diabetes 37:901–907 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Most episodes of iatrogenic hypoglycaemia, including severe episodes, occur in people with type 2 diabetes.
“In fact, most episodes of iatrogenic hypoglycaemia, including severe hypoglycaemia, occur in people with type 2 diabetes [15].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Cryer PE (2008) The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes. doi: 10.2337/db08-1084 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The recommended alert threshold of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is low enough to reduce glucose counter-regulatory responses to later hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic people.
“and is low enough to cause reduced glucose counter-regulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycaemia [10] in non-diabetic individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Davis SN, Shavers C, Mosqueda-Garcia R, Costa F (1997) Effects of differing antecedent hypoglycemia on subsequent counterregulation in normal humans. Diabetes 46:1328–1335 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The recommended alert threshold of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is above the glucose levels that cause symptoms in non-diabetic people (about 2.8-3.1 mmol/l [50-55 mg/dl]).
“It is higher than the glucose levels required to produce symptoms in non-diabetic individuals (approximately 2.8-3.1 mmol/l [50-55 mg/dl] [6-9])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [6] Cryer PE (2001) The prevention and correction of hypoglycemia. In: Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD (eds) Handbook of physiology, Section 7, the endocrine system. Volume II, the endocrine pancreas and regulation of metabolism. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1057–1092
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Schwartz NS, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Cryer PE (1987) Glycemic thresholds for activation of glucose counterregulatory systems are higher than the threshold for symptoms. J Clin Invest 79:777–781 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [8] Mitrakou A, Ryan C, Veneman T et al (1991) Hierarchy of glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone secretion, symptoms and cerebral dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 260:E67–E74 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Fanelli C, Pampanelli S, Epifano L et al (1994) Relative roles of insulin and hypoglycaemia on induction of neuroendocrine responses to, symptoms of, and deterioration of cognitive function in hypoglycaemia in male and female humans. Diabetologia 37:797–807 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The recommended alert threshold of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is close to the glucose level at which counter-regulatory systems become activated (about 3.6-3.9 mmol/l [65-70 mg/dl]).
“and the glycaemic threshold for activation of glucose counter-regulatory systems (approximately 3.6-3.9mmol/l [65-70 mg/dl] [6][7][8][9])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [6] Cryer PE (2001) The prevention and correction of hypoglycemia. In: Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD (eds) Handbook of physiology, Section 7, the endocrine system. Volume II, the endocrine pancreas and regulation of metabolism. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1057–1092
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Schwartz NS, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Cryer PE (1987) Glycemic thresholds for activation of glucose counterregulatory systems are higher than the threshold for symptoms. J Clin Invest 79:777–781 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [8] Mitrakou A, Ryan C, Veneman T et al (1991) Hierarchy of glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone secretion, symptoms and cerebral dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 260:E67–E74 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The recommended glucose alert level of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is based on data.
“Thus, the recommended glucose alert level of ≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is data-driven”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The appropriate purpose of a glucose alert value is to prevent clinically important hypoglycaemia rather than to estimate its frequency.
- Premisecitation
Lower glucose levels, including self-monitored values, predict later severe hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes.
“in whom lower glucose levels predict subsequent severe hypoglycaemia [13]”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“increasingly frequent lower selfmonitored glucose levels identify an increasing risk of imminent severe hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Ritterbrand L, Clarke W, Kovatchev BP (2007) Prediction of severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 30:1370–1373 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
The recommended alert threshold of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) is close to the bottom of the postabsorptive plasma glucose range (about 3.9-6.1 mmol/l [70-110 mg/dl]).
“this conservative lower limit for individuals with diabetes approximates the lower limit of the postabsorptive plasma glucose concentration range (approximately 3.9-6.1 mmol/l [70-110 mg/dl] [6])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Cryer PE (2001) The prevention and correction of hypoglycemia. In: Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD (eds) Handbook of physiology, Section 7, the endocrine system. Volume II, the endocrine pancreas and regulation of metabolism. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1057–1092
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The recommended glucose alert level of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) leaves some room for the limited accuracy of glucose monitors at low plasma glucose levels.
“and provides some margin for the limited accuracy of glucose monitoring devices at low plasma glucose concentrations [5].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group (2003) A multicenter study of the accuracy of the One Touch Ultra home glucose meter in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 5:933–941 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The appropriate purpose of a glucose alert value is to prevent clinically important hypoglycaemia rather than to estimate its frequency.
- Premisecitation
People with poorly controlled diabetes sometimes experience symptoms at higher glucose levels.
“although individuals with poorly controlled diabetes sometimes have symptoms at higher glucose levels [11,12].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Tamborlane WV (1988) Effect of intensive insulin therapy on glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone release. Diabetes 37:901–907 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Boyle PJ, Schwartz NS, Shah SD, Clutter WE, Cryer PE (1988) Plasma glucose concentrations at the onset of hypoglycemic symptoms in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and in nondiabetics. N Engl J Med 318:1487–1492 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Reduced glucose counter-regulatory responses are a key part of how iatrogenic hypoglycaemia develops in diabetes.
“these diminished responses are a key feature of the pathogenesis of iatrogenic hypoglycaemia in diabetes [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Cryer PE (2008) The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes. doi: 10.2337/db08-1084 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A prior plasma glucose level of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) reduces the glucose counter-regulatory response, including sympathoadrenal response, to a subsequent hypoglycaemic episode.
“antecedent plasma glucose concentrations of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) reduce the glucose counter-regulatory (including sympathoadrenal) responses to subsequent hypoglycaemia [10]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Davis SN, Shavers C, Mosqueda-Garcia R, Costa F (1997) Effects of differing antecedent hypoglycemia on subsequent counterregulation in normal humans. Diabetes 46:1328–1335 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The recommended glucose alert level of 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) usually allows the patient time to act to prevent a clinical hypoglycaemic episode.
“generally gives the patient time to take action to prevent a clinical hypoglycaemic episode”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The appropriate purpose of a glucose alert value is to prevent clinically important hypoglycaemia rather than to estimate its frequency.
- Premisecitation
In one study, at glucose ≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl), monitor readings were within 10% of the reference blood glucose only 55% of the time.
“at glucose levels ≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl), monitor values were within 10% of the reference blood glucose concentration only 55% of the time”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group (2003) A multicenter study of the accuracy of the One Touch Ultra home glucose meter in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 5:933–941 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Intraindividual differences in the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic and -hypoglycaemic clamp techniques are about 0.2 mmol/l (4 mg/dl).
“intraindividual differences of approximately 0.2 mmol/l (4 mg/dl) [16]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Vea H, Jorde R, Sager G, Vaaler S, Sundsfjord J (1992) Reproducibility of glycaemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormones and hypoglycaemic symptoms in healthy subjects. Diabetologia 35:958–961 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the same study, at glucose ≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl), monitor readings were within 15% of the reference value only 70% of the time.
“and within 15% of the reference value only 70% of the time [5].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group (2003) A multicenter study of the accuracy of the One Touch Ultra home glucose meter in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 5:933–941 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Heine specifically endorsed the method used to calculate the glycaemic thresholds for counter-regulatory and symptomatic responses to hypoglycaemia in two of the three studies that produced those thresholds.
“Heine [17] specifically endorsed the method used to calculate the glycaemic thresholds for glucose counter-regulatory and symptomatic responses to hypoglycaemia in two of the three studies [7,8] that generated the glycaemic thresholds mentioned earlier [6].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Heine RJ (1993) Methods of investigation of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In: Frier BM, Fisher BM (eds) Hypoglycaemic in diabetes: clinical and physiological aspects. Arnold, London, pp 165–175
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
There is actually little disagreement on this apparently contentious issue.
“Thus, it seems there is actually rather little disagreement on this ostensibly contentious issue.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 2
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSwinnen et al.'s data show that a higher cut-off value identifies a larger proportion of patients with severe hypoglycaemia, increasing sensitivity but reducing specificity.
“Their data also indicate that a higher cut-off value identifies a higher percentage of patients who suffer severe hypoglycaemia, i.e. it increases sensitivity, albeit at the expense of specificity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Swinnen SGHA, Mullins P, Miller M, Hoekstra JBL, Holleman F (2009) Changing the glucose cut-off values that define hypoglycaemia has a major effect on reported frequencies of hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1147-0 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPlasma glucose ≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) sometimes occurs in non-diabetic people, especially women and children, though usually during prolonged fasting.
“plasma glucose concentrations ≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) sometimes occur in non-diabetic individuals [1,3].This is true, particularly in women and children, albeit generally during prolonged fasting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] Swinnen SGHA, Mullins P, Miller M, Hoekstra JBL, Holleman F (2009) Changing the glucose cut-off values that define hypoglycaemia has a major effect on reported frequencies of hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1147-0 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3] Amiel SA, Dixon T, Mann R, Jameson K (2008) Hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 25:245–254 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFrier proposed a cut-off value of 3.5 mmol/l (63 mg/dl).
“Frier [2] suggests a cut-off value of 3.5 mmol/l (63 mg/dl)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Frier BM (2009) Defining hypoglycaemia: what level has clinical relevance? Diabetologia doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1209-3 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe authors of the clamp reproducibility study concluded that the method produced reproducible results.
“indeed, the authors concluded that the method gave reproducible results [16].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Vea H, Jorde R, Sager G, Vaaler S, Sundsfjord J (1992) Reproducibility of glycaemic thresholds for activation of counterregulatory hormones and hypoglycaemic symptoms in healthy subjects. Diabetologia 35:958–961 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAmiel et al. also proposed a value of 3.5 mmol/l (63 mg/dl).
“Amiel et al. [3] also suggest a value of 3.5 mmol/l (63 mg/dl).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Amiel SA, Dixon T, Mann R, Jameson K (2008) Hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 25:245–254 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAmiel et al. recommended a therapeutic plasma glucose lower limit of 4.0-4.5 mmol/l (72-81 mg/dl).
“they recommend a therapeutic plasma glucose concentration lower limit of 4.0-4.5 mmol/l (72-81 mg/dl).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Amiel SA, Dixon T, Mann R, Jameson K (2008) Hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 25:245–254 source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
The appropriate purpose of a glucose alert value is to prevent clinically important hypoglycaemia rather than to estimate its frequency.
“The issue is not to estimate the frequency of clinically important hypoglycaemia.It is to prevent clinically important hypoglycaemia.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The alert value of ≤70 mg/dL (≤3.9 mmol/L) is higher than the glycemic threshold for symptoms in nondiabetic individuals and those with well-controlled diabetes, so it generally allows time to prevent a clinical hypoglycemic episode and provides margin for limited accuracy of monitoring devices at low-glucose levels.
“Because it is higher than the glycemic threshold for symptoms in both nondiabetic individuals and those with well-controlled diabetes (9,13,14), it generally allows time to prevent a clinical hypoglycemic episode and provides some margin for the limited accuracy of monitoring devices at low-glucose levels.”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
The alert value of ≤70 mg/dL is data driven and pragmatic.
“This alert value is data driven and pragmatic (14).”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
Because the alert value is higher than the glycemic threshold for symptoms in nondiabetic individuals and those with well-controlled diabetes, it generally allows time to prevent a clinical hypoglycemic episode and provides some margin for the limited accuracy of monitoring devices at low-glucose levels.
“Because it is higher than the glycemic threshold for symptoms in both nondiabetic individuals and those with wellcontrolled diabetes (9,13,14), it generally allows time to prevent a clinical hypoglycemic episode and provides some margin for the limited accuracy of monitoring devices at low-glucose levels.”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
Defining and Reporting Hypoglycemia in Diabetes
American Diabetes Association Workgroup on Hypoglycemia (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1245 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes
Cryer, P. E. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-1084 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Self-citationMitrakou, A., Ryan, C., Veneman, T., Mokan, M., Jenssen, T., Kiss, I., Durrant, J., Cryer, P., & Gerich, J. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.1.e67 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes
Amiel, S. A., Dixon, T., Mann, R., & Jameson, K. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02341.x · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Schwartz, N. S., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., & Cryer, P. E. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112884 · Cited by 394 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Notably, in his thorough analysis of the methods prior to 1993, Heine [17] specifically endorsed the method used to calculate the glycaemic thresholds for glucose counter-regulatory and symptomatic responses to hypoglycaemia in two of the three studies [ 7 , 8] that generated the glycaemic thresholds mentioned earlier…”
MethodSelf-citationEffect of intensive insulin therapy on glycemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone release.
Amiel, S. A., Sherwin, R. S., Simonson, D. C., & Tamborlane, W. V. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.7.901 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Boyle, P. J., Schwartz, N. S., Shah, S. D., Clutter, W. E., & Cryer, P. E. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198806093182302 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationFanelli, C., Pampanelli, S., Epifano, L., Rambotti, A. M., Ciofetta, M., Modarelli, F., Di Vincenzo, A., Annibale, B., Lepore, M., Lalli, C., et al. (1994) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00404337 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Effects of differing antecedent hypoglycemia on subsequent counterregulation in normal humans
Davis, S. N., Shavers, C., Mosqueda-Garcia, R., & Costa, F. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.8.1328 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Prediction of Severe Hypoglycemia
Cox, D. J., Gonder-Frederick, L., Ritterband, L., Clarke, W., & Kovatchev, B. P. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1386 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Defining hypoglycaemia: what level has clinical relevance?
Frier, B. M. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1209-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Swinnen, S. G. H. A., Mullins, P., Miller, M., Hoekstra, J. B. L., & Holleman, F. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1147-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Diabetes Research In Children, N. (2003) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/152091503322640971 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevention and Correction of Hypoglycemia
Cryer, P. E. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-310-1_7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationVea, H., Jorde, R., Sager, G., Vaaler, S., & Sundsfjord, J. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00401425 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Heine RJ (1993) Methods of investigation of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In: Frier BM, Fisher BM (eds) Hypoglycaemic in diabetes: clinical and physiological aspects. Arnold, London, pp 165–175
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Seaquist, E. R., Anderson, J., Childs, B., Cryer, P., Dagogo-Jack, S., Fish, L., Heller, S. R., Rodriguez, H., Rosenzweig, J., & Vigersky, R. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2480 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
“Although this alert value has been debated (9,13,14), a plasma concentration of #70 mg/dL (#3.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSeaquist, E. R., Anderson, J., Childs, B., Cryer, P., Dagogo-Jack, S., Fish, L., Heller, S. R., Rodriguez, H., Rosenzweig, J., & Vigersky, R. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4127 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Cryer, P. E. (2010) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.003 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationRiddlesworth, T., Price, D., Cohen, N., & Beck, R. W. (2017) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-017-0281-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dietary treatment of hypoglycaemia: should the Australian recommendation be increased?
Vindedzis, S., Marsh, B., Sherriff, J., Dhaliwal, S., & Stanton, K. (2012) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02831.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cryer, P. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cryer, P. E.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2008-11-19
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-37
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W2073820461
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- National Institutes of Health (DK20579, P60-DK-20579, RR‐00036)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Keywords
- hypoglycemia prevention, blood glucose monitoring, diabetes management
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Reference Values, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
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