Adverse parenting as a risk factor in the occurrence of anxiety disorders: A study in six European countries
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to test the homogeneity of the association between adverse parenting and anxiety disorders within these disorders as well as among six European countries. Method Based on data from 8,232 respondents (part II sample) originating from the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders (ESEMeD), we examined the association between three dimensions of parental rearing (care, overprotection, authoritarianism) measured by a short form of the parental bonding instrument (PBI) and anxiety disorders by computing one logistic regression model per disorder. Results A similar pattern of recalled parenting behaviour across the four anxiety disorders assessed was found, with care and overprotection having the strongest associations. There were only minor country-specific variations of this pattern. Conclusion Our results suggest an association between adverse parenting and the risk of anxiety disorders in particular as well as psychiatric disorders in general that is rather non-disorder specific.
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With the exception of GAD, there was a relationship between overprotection and anxiety.
“With the exception of GAD, there were a relationship between overprotection and anxiety.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Heider et al. (2008)
Regardless of the variations between single countries, a similar parenting pattern across the four anxiety disorders was found.
“Regardless of the variations between single countries a similar parenting pattern across the four anxiety disorders was found”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Heider et al. (2008)
No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting.
“No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting (Lieb et al., 2000; Overbeek et al., 2007; Heider et al., 2008; Knappe et al., 2012).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Heider et al., 2008
Cites
A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788 · see citing works
Parental Characteristics in Relation to Depressive Disorders
Parker, G. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.2.138 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
A critical review of the empirical literature on coping and panic disorder
Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.02.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
“Loneliness [38], low education [38], and adverse parenting [39], as well as chronic somatic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, and obesity may increase the risk for a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety [34,40].”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression
Vigdal, J. S., & Brønnick, K. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Overprotective parenting and anxiety: No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting (Lieb et al., 2000; Overbeek et al., 2007; Heider et al., 2008; Knappe et al., 2012).”
Background
- Authors
- The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators, Heider, D., Matschinger, H., Bernert, S., Alonso, J., Brugha, T. S., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Dietrich, S., & Angermeyer, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Heider, Dirk
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2008-01-14
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 266-272
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- OpenAlex
- W1931953997
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- GlaxoSmithKline
- World Health Organization
- European Commission
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04)
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R01-TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, parenting, parental care, overprotection, authoritarian parenting, parental bonding, risk factors, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Catchment Area, Health, Child, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Parenting
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