Cited by 465Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessMental Health Research Topics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018

Open access

Keyes, Katherine M., Gary, Dahsan, O’Malley, Patrick M., Hamilton, Ava, Schulenberg, John·2019·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s00127-019-01697-8PMC PMC7015269

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Mental health problems and mental health related mortality have increased among adolescents, particularly girls. These trends have implications for etiology and prevention and suggest new and emerging risk factors in need of attention. The present study estimated age, period, and cohort effects in depressive symptoms among US nationally representative samples of school attending adolescents from 1991 to 2018.Methods Data are drawn from 1991 to 2018 Monitoring the Future yearly cross-sectional surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students (N = 1,260,159). Depressive symptoms measured with four questions that had consistent wording and data collection procedures across all 28 years. Age-period-cohort effects estimated using the hierarchical age-period-cohort models.Results Among girls, depressive symptoms decreased from 1991 to 2011, then reversed course, peaking in 2018; these increases reflected primarily period effects, which compared to the mean of all periods showed a gradual increase starting in 2012 and peaked in 2018 (estimate = 1.15, p < 0.01). Cohort effects were minimal, indicating that increases are observed across all age groups. Among boys, trends were similar although the extent of the increase is less marked compared to girls; there was a declining cohort effect among recently born cohorts, suggesting that increases in depressive symptoms among boys are slower for younger boys compared to older boys in recent years. Trends were generally similar by race/ethnicity and parental education, with a positive cohort effect for Hispanic girls born 1999-2004.Conclusions Depressive symptoms are increasing among teens, especially among girls, consistent with increases in depression and suicide. Population variation in psychiatric disorder symptoms highlight the importance of current environmental determinants of psychiatric disorder risk, and provide evidence of emerging risk factors that may be shaping a new and concerning trend in adolescent mental health.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00127-019-01697-8

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2003) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1037/e560352009-001 · Cited by 6,930
Self-citation
Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication - Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Annual Research Review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381 · Cited by 3,990
Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: Volume I, secondary school students
Miech, R., Johnston, L. A., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J., & Patrick, M. E. (2005) · doi:10.3998/2027.42/146530 · Cited by 1,771
Self-citation
Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time
Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617723376 · Cited by 1,705
Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097 · Cited by 1,645
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424
Children Of The Great Depression: 25th Anniversary Edition
Elder, G. H. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,135

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 65 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Miech R, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg J (2016) Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2015, secondary school students. Ann Arbor Inst Soc Res Univ Michigan 1:636

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 465

The ISAD (Infraslow Neurofeedback for Anxiety and Depression) Study: A Protocol for a Trans-Diagnostic, Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Dose-Response, Parallel-Group TrialPreprint
Perez, T. M., Glue, P., Adhia, D. B., Smith, M. J., Ridder, D. D., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P. W., & Niazi, I. K. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-173667/v1 · Cited by 3
How do Norwegian Adolescents Experience The Role of Social Media in Relation to Mental Health and Well-Being: A Qualitative StudyPreprint
Hjetland, G. J., Schønning, V., Hella, R. T., Veseth, M., & Skogen, J. C. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-133641/v1 · Cited by 3
Person-Centered Associations between High- and Low-Risk Personality Profiles and Psychological Adjustment in University Students
Servidio, R. C., Bartolo, M. G., Tenuta, F., Palermiti, A. L., Candreva, F., Ciccarelli, C., Costabile, A., Pagani, L. S., & Craig, F. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/8810153 · Cited by 3
“This coincides with global increases in prevalence and incidence of depression across populations, especially in emerging adulthood [3 – 5].”
Background
Multisystemic Resilience and Anxious-Depressed Symptoms in Black Youth Exposed to Maternal Syndemics: A Mixed-Method Study
Porter, D. V., Howell, K. H., Napier, T. R., Herrera, C., & Thurston, I. B. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01772-5 · Cited by 2
“Both disorders demonstrate higher prevalence rates with increasing adolescent age and in girls relative to boys [ 22, 52].”
Alone and unaware: An ethnography of unidentified and unacknowledged youth loneliness
Rueda, P. S. (2025) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/14661381251335848 · Cited by 8
“We’re living in a world that wasn’t built for us”: A qualitative exploration of young New Zealander’s perspectives on socio-ecological determinants of declining youth mental health
Stubbing, J., Gibson, K. L., Bardsley, A., & Gluckman, P. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22618-2 · Cited by 4
Examining relationships between bullying, social support, and mental health among transgender and other gender-diverse adolescents
Grimm, A. F., Kittle, K. R., & Bertone‐Johnson, E. R. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00201-w · Cited by 2
Adolescent utilization of school based mental health services in the United States
Grunin, L., Pagán, J. A., Yu, G., Squires, A. P., & Cohen, S. S. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-025-00684-8 · Cited by 2
“While depression is the only mental health condition analyzed in this study, it is one of the leading mental health concerns among adolescents [64, 65] and a major reason for seeking out SBMHS [16, 29].”
The interplay of rumination and error-related brain activity in the prospective prediction of depressive symptoms among youth
Kingston, N., Suor, J. H., Lane, C., Roberts, C., Langenecker, S. A., & Burkhouse, K. L. (2025) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2025.2568520 · Cited by 2
“…in adolescence, and onset of MDD during this developmental period is associated with several adverse outcomes: higher rates of suicide, academic and social impairment, early morbidity across development, and worse mental health outcomes later in life (Fergusson et al., 2007; Keyes et al., 2019).”
Adolescent Profiles Amid Substantial Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Latent Profile Analysis on Personality, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Social Outcomes
Wang, X., Zhang, X., & Merrin, G. J. (2025) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents5040060 · Cited by 4
Impact of excessive social media use on adolescent depression and its consequences in France: An individual-based microsimulation model
Hoertel, N., Olfson, M., Blanco, C., Biscond, M., Limosin, F., Rico, M. S., Blachier, M., & Leleu, H. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004737 · Cited by 3
Indigenous youth mental health: an ecological approach to understanding risk and protective factors for Māori youth in Aotearoa New Zealand
Clark, T. C., Yao, E. S., Harrison, N., Drayton, B., Hamley, L., Fleming, T. M., & Crengle, S. M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24845-z · Cited by 2
Decoding digital disorientation: a conceptual framework for library engagement with adolescent mental health in a saturated media environment
Carlsson, N. F. (2025) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-09-2025-0276 · Cited by 8
“CDC data show that 40% of high school students experienced persistent sadness or hopelessness, and 77% use social media several times a day—trends experts link to a national crisis in youth well-being (Keyes et al ., 2019; Murthy, 2023; CDC, 2024; Pew Research Center, 2025).”
A Systematic Evaluation of the Performance of Multiple Brain Age Algorithms in Two Cohorts of Youth
Michael, C., Jones, N. S., Hanson, J., Westerman, H. B., Klump, K., Mitchell, C., Monk, C. S., Burt, S., & Hyde, L. W. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70458 · Cited by 3
Mapping the Global Burden and Inequalities of Bipolar Disorder, 1990–2021, With Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis
Saeed, S., Luo, Z., Wang, H., Xu, L., Zhang, X., Tang, A., Ma, X., Lai, J., Song, P., & Hu, S. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70074 · Cited by 3
Primary care and community interventions for multimorbidity involving depression or anxiety: systematic review with meta-analysis
Sweeney, K., Gilarova, M., Ng, L., Baker, J., Maxwell, S. S., MacRae, C., Mercer, S. W., Anand, A., Guthrie, B., & Stirland, L. (2026) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2025-002400 · Cited by 3
Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of a Digital Therapeutic for Symptoms of Depression in Adolescents: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Furman, D. J., Hall, S. A., Avina, C., Kulikov, V. N., Lake, J. I., & Padmanabhan, A. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/48740 · Cited by 2
“Depression is among the most prevalent mental health disorders in adolescents and young adults [1,2], with global rates rising sharply in the past decade [3].”
Trend and geo-availability of somatic therapies for treatment resistant depression in the US
Basiru, T., Onyeaka, H., Oladunjoye, A. F., Acholonu, C., Egbeocha, S., Ogala, F., Enemuo, S., Okoronkwo, O. U., Annor, E., Holmes, K., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2024.100157 · Cited by 4
Negative changes in emotional well-being and motivation in Russian adolescents between 1999 and 2020 / Cambios negativos en el bienestar emocional y la motivación en adolescentes rusos entre 1999 y 2020
Гордеева, Т. О., Sychev, O. A., & Sheldon, K. M. (2024) · Culture and Education · doi:10.1177/11356405241291955 · Cited by 2
“…satisfaction, self-esteem and flourishing (Twenge, Martin, & Campbell, 2018), and increases in depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes (Keyes et al., 2019; Mojtabai et al., 2016; Twenge, Cooper, et al., 2019; Twenge, Joiner, et al., 2018), anxiety (Duffy et al., 2019) and loneliness…”
Community-based interventions on the social determinants of mental health in the UK: an umbrella review
Williams, N., & Kirkbride, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-07-2024-0087 · Cited by 2
News exposure, depression, and PTSD symptoms among adolescents in the US: A case study of the Uvalde school shooting
Martins, N., Scharrer, E., & Riddle, K. E. (2024) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2024.2443664 · Cited by 4
“With the rise of school shootings (Cox et al., 2024), the fear they instill (e.g., Riehm et al., 2021), and high rates of adolescent depression (e.g., Keyes et al., 2019), these findings are socially significant.”
The Coproduced Youth Priorities Project: Australian Youth Priorities for Mental Health and Substance Use Prevention Research
Ross, K., Houston, J., Barrett, E. L., Duong, F., Dearle, T., Ravindra, S., Ou, C., Rowlinson, K., Bower, M., Birrell, L., et al. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70274 · Cited by 2
The Promise of School‐Based Health Centers to Enhance Youth Mental Health Equity
Bowen, A. E., Garbacz, S. A., Anderson, E. C., Wadington, M., & Eklund, K. R. (2025) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70024 · Cited by 2
Time trends in adolescent diagnoses of major depressive disorder and co-occurring psychiatric conditions in electronic health records
Wilson, M., Lee, H., Dall’Aglio, L., Li, X., Kumar, A., Colvin, M. K., Smoller, J. W., Beardslee, W. R., & Choi, K. W. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2025.2533158 · Cited by 2
The Onset of Menstruation and Social Networking Site Use in Adolescent Girls: The Mediating Role of Body Mass Index
Lv, C., Turel, O., & He, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18199942 · Cited by 2
Examining Interpersonal Traumas Across Low Income Latinx Mother-Youth Dyads: Associations Between Maternal Child Abuse Exposure and Racial Discrimination with Mother and Youth Psychopathology
Russo, L. N., Arreola, J., Montiel, G. I., Torres, G., Leal, F., Guerra, N. G., & Borelli, J. L. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01483-9 · Cited by 5
“…the experiences of older youth is particularly important in adolescence, as anxiety and depressive symptoms are shown to sharply increase during this time, particularly among girls [22], and such information has the potential to inform intervention avenues for this difficult to reach age group.”
Background
The relationship between connectedness and mental health symptoms among Black youth involved in the juvenile justice system: a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model
Villodas, M. L., Gibbs, D., Wilson, A. B., & Munson, M. R. (2023) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2023.2178269 · Cited by 2
Maternal psychological control and adolescent adjustment: Sleep as a moderator
Martín‐Piñón, O., McWood, L. M., Erath, S. A., Hinnant, J. B., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13986 · Cited by 2
“Psychological control has been associated with internalising and externalising symptoms (Kuppens et al., 2013; Pinquart, 2017a,b), which commonly increase in adolescence (Keyes et al., 2019; Petersen et al., 2018).”
Background
Patricia A. Jennings: The Mindful School: Transforming School Culture Through Mindfulness and Compassion Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2019, 271 pp.
Morton, M. L., & Felver, J. C. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01507-2 · Cited by 2
Social media and adolescent mental health
Charmaraman, L., Delcourt, C. G., Ben-Joseph, E. P., & Smucker, R. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00171-0 · Cited by 2
MHQ: Constructing an aggregate metric of mental wellbeingPreprint
Newson, J. J., Sukhoi, O., & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/d47qj · Cited by 2
Loneliness in the Norwegian adolescent population: prevalence trends and relations to mental and self-rated healthPreprint
Parlikar, N., Kvaløy, K., Strand, L. B., Espnes, G. A., & Moksnes, U. K. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3369479/v1 · Cited by 2
Mental Health Education for Adolescents at Junior High School 21 Tanjung Jabung Timur District, Jambi
Nasution, R. A., Meinarisa, M., & Falani, I. (2023) · Journal of Community Engagement Research for Sustainability · doi:10.31258/cers.3.3.139-145 · Cited by 1
“Selain itu, depresi pada orang muda adalah penyakit yang sangat lazim di seluruh dunia, dan bunuh diri adalah penyebab kematian paling sering ketiga di kalangan remaja di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa (World Health Organization, 2012; Keyes et al., 2019; Twenge, 2020).”
Background
Education for science and democracy
Johnston, M. O., Kierstead, J., & Roucau, B. (2024) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781802208542.00007 · Cited by 2
Patterns of depression symptoms in relation to stressors and social behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among older youth and emerging adults in the United States
Cummins, K. M., Brumback, T., Corrales, C., Nooner, K. B., Brown, S. A., & Clark, D. B. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003545 · Cited by 1
Mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviour among adolescents in Kerala, India
K., K. K., Scaria, L., & Devassy, S. M. (2024) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-11-2024-0207 · Cited by 4
Unhealthy lifestyle patterns and depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents with or without obesity: A latent class analysis
Lu, Z., Yu, L., Li, L., Li, N., Fan, K., Tian, H., Liu, L., Li, S., Zhou, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251336601 · Cited by 1
“Depression and anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental illnesses worldwide, and their prevalence among adolescents has increased rapidly in recent years (Keyes et al., 2019).”
Exploring a diverse set of specifications related to associations between adolescent smoking, vaping, and emotional problems: a multiverse analysis
Halladay, J. E., Visontay, R., Sunderland, M., Rowe, A., Smout, S., Devine, E. K., Stockings, E., Andrews, J. L., Champion, K. E., Gardner, L. A., et al. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108380 · Cited by 2
Prospective Association Between Perfectionism and Depressive Symptoms in High School Adolescents: Analysis of the Mediating Role of Academic Self‐Efficacy
Campeau, G., Yale‐Soulière, G., Goulet, J., Berniqué, K., Turgeon, L., & Ryan, N. C. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70001 · Cited by 1
“Globally, there has been a rise in depressive symptom rates of ~5% – 15% among adolescents over the past two decades (Keyes et al. 2019; Lu et al. 2024; Twenge et al. 2018).”
Youth psychotic experiences: psychometric evaluation and diagnostic associations of the CAPE ‐16 in adolescents from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort
Birkenæs, V., Parekh, P., Hegemann, L., Bakken, N. R., Frei, E., Jaholkowski, P. P., Smeland, O. B., Susser, E., Rodriguez, K. M., Tesfaye, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70007 · Cited by 5
Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Depressive Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults Aged 10–24 Years From 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xu, S., Sun, M., & Xiang, Y. (2025) · Mental Illness · doi:10.1155/mij/1524114 · Cited by 1
“These e ﬀ ects are particularly pronounced among adolescent girls, where signi ﬁ cant increases in depressive symptoms have been observed in recent years [6].”
Promoting Mental Health and Resilience in School Children of Assam
Roy, T. S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94294-5_10 · Cited by 1
Generational analyses of prevalence, relative risks and protective factors of anxiety and depression symptoms among adult Chinese in Hong Kong
Tang, C. S., Chow, T. S., Lui, W. K., Yuen, W. W. Y., & Ngai, J. T. K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120359 · Cited by 4
Efficacy of a school-based, universal prevention programme for depression and anxiety in adolescents (OurFutures Mental Health): a two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial
Grummitt, L. R., O’Dean, S., Birrell, L., Bailey, S., Ivison, I., Hunter, E., Nguyen, A., Kelly, E. V., Gardner, L. A., Champion, K. E., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103672 · Cited by 1
Environmental and Individual Risk as Moderators of a Site‐Based Mentoring Program for Adolescents Exposed to Adversities
Miller‐Chagnon, R. L., Krause, J. T., Moran, M. J., Haddock, S. A., Zimmerman, T. S., Zhou, H., & Weiler, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.70075 · Cited by 1
Everyday Discrimination and Adolescents’ Mental Health: Evidence From an Ecological Momentary Assessment
Dickerson, K. L., Rivenbark, J. G., Copeland, W., Gassman‐Pines, A., Hoyle, R. H., McDade, T. W., Russell, M. A., & Odgers, C. L. (2026) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316251412448 · Cited by 1
The Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Social Media and Mental Health Among a Large Sample of Adolescents, Inclusive of Transgender/Gender‐Diverse Adolescents
Curle, M., Hunter, S., Leatherdale, S. T., Patte, K. A., Faulkner, G., Goldfield, G. S., Ferro, M. A., Turcotte‐Tremblay, A., & Carson, V. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70151 · Cited by 3
The sweet spot of weekend catch-up sleep: U-shaped associations with internalizing symptoms in adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
Kim, S., & Casement, M. D. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag113 · Cited by 1
Trends, disparities, and the impact of COVID-19 on drug overdose mortality among adolescents and young adults in the United States
Zhan, Z., Tian, S., Qiu, J., Zuo, S., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119521 · Cited by 1
Network analysis of comorbid internet addiction, anxiety, and depression symptoms among Chinese junior high school students
Yu, T., Wang, H.-L., Deng, X.-P., Sheng, J., Liu, B.-T., Xiang-zhan, C., Yuan, X.-M., Jin, Y.-X., Wang, Y., Pang, X.-Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1816697 · Cited by 1
“This finding contradicts some prior studies that reported higher network connectivity in females (36), but aligns with recent large-scale evidence suggesting that the “symp-tom burden” is becoming increasingly similar across genders in the digital age (37).”
Why has youth mental health worsened and what can be done: The role of parenting interventions
Kehoe, C. E., Kirby, G., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Higgins, D. J., Havighurst, S. S., Doyle, F. L., Rowe, S. L., Campbell, S., Toumbourou, J. W., Ryan, K. M., et al. (2026) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2026.200553 · Cited by 1
The negative growth of a brief depressive spell among U.S. adolescents
QUINLAN, P. E., Vanderziel, A. M., Gregoire, V., & Anthony, J. C. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1798 · Cited by 1
Dinamika kretanja kriminaliteta maloljetnika u Republici Hrvatskoj od 2000. do 2020. godine
Ricijaš, N., Mandić, S., & Lamešić, L. (2022) · Kriminologija & socijalna integracija : časopis za kriminologiju, penologiju i poremećaje u ponašanju · doi:10.31299/ksi.30.1.4 · Cited by 1
Emergency health services use and medically-treated suicidal behaviors following depression screening among adolescents: A longitudinal cohort study
Riehm, K. E., Brignone, E., Gallo, J. J., Stuart, E. A., & Mojtabai, R. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107148 · Cited by 1
Connectivity Analysis for Measuring of DMN Activity
Zavarzin, E. A., Savostyanov, A. N., Karpova, A. G., & Milakhina, N. S. (2022) · International Siberian workshops and tutorials on electron devices and materials · doi:10.1109/edm55285.2022.9855102 · Cited by 1
Perceived Support from Best Friends and Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence: Disentangling Personal from Dyadic Level Effects
Baijens, S. V. D. M., Buil, J. M., Vuijk, P., Bul, K., Branje, S., Meeus, W., & van Lier, P. A. C. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00999-x · Cited by 3
“5% of young adolescents experience depressive symptoms and over 4% have clinically elevated levels of depressive symptoms in this period (Costello et al., 2006; Keyes et al., 2019).”
Background
A Wave of Depression: Implications for College Student Mental Health
Rallis, B. A., Hungerford, L. L., & Flynn, C. (2023) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/87568225.2023.2202352 · Cited by 3
“K. M. Keyes et al. (2019) investigated trends in depression symptoms in a nationally representative sample of combined 8 th , 10 th and 12 th grade adolescents, from 1991 to 2018 in the United States.”
Frequency Of Depression In Patients With Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Fatima, A., Shah, F. U., Khan, H. S., Rauf, K., Ali, S., & Khan, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College · doi:10.37939/jrmc.v27i2.2039 · Cited by 1
A Comparison of Depressive Symptom Presentation in Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes and Pediatric Primary Care Samples
Bahreman, N. T., Dietrich, M. S., Jaser, S. S., Akard, T. F., & Mulvaney, S. A. (2023) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1155/2023/5597133 · Cited by 1
Sex-Specific Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Adolescents in Los Angeles County, 2013 to 2017
Gimbrone, C., Packard, S. E., Finsaas, M. C., Sprague, N. L., Jacobowitz, A. L., Leventhal, A. M., Rundle, A., & Keyes, K. M. (2023) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.10.001 · Cited by 1
“4,8,12,20 Given this information, we produced descriptive statistics and tested for differences in the demographic composition of classes within sex using the χ 2 test and analysis of variance.”
Self-citation
Multicultural Dance/Movement Therapy to address Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
Joo, E., Kaba, V., & Gil, S. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i4.5751 · Cited by 1
“Unfortunately, this trend in declining adolescent health is only a continuation of a general pattern of worsening mental health that has been only realized in the past few decades (Keyes et al., 2019).”
Background
Using the universal design for learning framework to improve child and adolescent mental health
Pereira, L. C., & Ith, D. A. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23252 · Cited by 3
Impact of Dysfunctional Career Thoughts on Mental Health among College Students Using Counselling Services
Stephen, V. A., & Chimodo, O. L. (2024) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2024.127005 · Cited by 1
Infraslow Closed-Loop Brain Training for Anxiety and Depression (ISAD): A pilot randomised, sham-controlled trial in adult females with internalizing disorders
Perez, T. M., Adhia, D. B., Glue, P., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P. W., Navid, M. S., Niazi, I. K., Young, C. K., Smith, M. L., & Ridder, D. J. M. K. D. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01279-z · Cited by 2
“Mental disorders are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Kessler et al., 2009) with rates markedly increasing in recent years (Duffy et al., 2019; Haidt & Allen, 2020; Keyes et al., 2019; Pfeifer & Allen, 2020; Twenge et al., 2019).”
Tendencia de la mortalidad por suicidios en México: panorama epidemiológico 1980-2015
Campuzano-Rincón, J. C., Hernández-Álvarez, A., Estrada, M. S., Chávez-Ayala, R., Morales-Carmona, E., Cabrales-Arreola, J. L., & Girón, C. H. (2022) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v33i1.2776
Differential salience of cumulative exposure to violence on depressive symptoms by age
Wojciechowski, T. W. (2022) · Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2022.2162175 · Cited by 1
Investigating the effect of sports participation on the mental health and wellbeing of adolescents in New Zealand
McGifford, O. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16544487.v1 · Cited by 1
Do Adolescents Consider Mind-Body Skills Groups an Acceptable Treatment for Depression: Results from a Pilot Study.Preprint
Jones, L. D., Salgado, E., Aalsma, M. C., Garabrant, J. M., Staples, J. K., Gordon, J. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-61499/v1 · Cited by 2
Digital Inequalities in Adolescents’ Psychological Well-Being: Variations across Socioeconomic Background, Gender, and National ContextPreprint
Gracia, P., Bohnert, M., & Celik, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wfktu · Cited by 1
Using a Digital Technology Intervention to Promote Psychological Health Outcomes in Adolescents: A Feasibility StudyPreprint
Vongsirimas, N., Kesornsri, S., Kaesornsamut, P., Thanoi, W., Pianchob, S., Pimroon, S., Phetrasuwan, S., Thavorn, T., & Klainin‐Yobas, P. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0378.v1 · Cited by 1
Motivation Will Forever Restrict the Scalability of Universal School-based Mindfulness Interventions for AdolescentsPreprint
Galla, B. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c95ky · Cited by 1
Measuring Adolescents’ Well-Being: Correspondence of Naïve Digital Traces to Survey Data
Сивак, Е., & Smirnov, I. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60975-7_26 · Cited by 3
Mental Health for US
Counts, N. Z., Staglin, B. K., & Rosenberg, L. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30377-3
Association of depression screening with diagnostic and treatment-related outcomes among youthPreprint
Riehm, K. E., Brignone, E., Stuart, E. A., Gallo, J. J., & Mojtabai, R. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.21256334
Digital Mental Health Intervention Uptake Among Distressed New Zealand High School Students in a Comprehensive Survey: Implications for Digital Help Provision
Shaw, J. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14471310.v1
Magnetic resonance imaging of adolescent depression based on machine vision
Chen, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Medicine Sciences (ISAIMS) · doi:10.1145/3500931.3500996
The Pediatric Clinician and Mental Health
(2021) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610025492-1
The Potential Digital-Based Nursing Intervention to Improve Mental Health in Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review (Preprint)Preprint
Yosep, I., Hikmat, R., & Mardhiyah, A. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.39293
Investigating the effect of sports participation on the mental health and wellbeing of adolescents in New Zealand
McGifford, O. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16544487
Beyond Risk: Individual Mental Health Trajectories from Large-Scale Social Media Data
Bollen, J., ten Thij, M., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., & Rutter, L. A. (2022) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04431-1_12 · Cited by 1
Characteristics of emotional disturbance of female and male students in elementary, middle, and high school
Cullinan, D., Lambert, M. C., & Epstein, M. H. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22803
Substance and Drug Abuse on Human Health; A Case Study of Youth in the USA
Miech, T. K., Myles, A. F., & Moore, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Medicine Nursing & Public Health · doi:10.53819/81018102t5139
Adolescence
Waterman, E. A., Mullet, N. D., Zulfiqar, H., & McLain, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00112-0
Investigating Practices of Privilege Among Parents Accessing Mental Health Services for their Adolescent Children in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
Anderson-McEwen, C. (2023) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.22581340
Żywność w XXI wieku – jakość, składniki, zdrowie
Brodziak, A., & Skałęcki, P. (2022) · doi:10.24326/mon.2022.15
The Contrast Between Depression Now and In the Earlier Generations
Buyrukbilen, I. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i1.3995
'Why Don't I Just Create my Main To be a Space That I Could Always Feel That Comfortable?': Negotiating Achievement Imperatives Through Instagram.
Chrystall, R. (2023) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.23895030 · Cited by 1
Frequency of Adequate Sleep and Different Forms of Delinquency Across Adolescence: Evidence From Nationally Representative Samples of Youth
Block, K., & Connolly, E. J. (2023) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x231190665
“In line with past studies (Coley et al., 2019; Keyes et al., 2019), we included four measures of depressive symptoms that are asked in MTF surveys which were: (1) life often seems meaningless, (2) the future often seems hopeless, (3) I enjoy life as much as anyone, and (4) It feels good to be alive.”
Method
Examining the Influence of Perceived Neighborhood Environment and Connectedness on the Mental Health Symptoms of Black Adolescent Serious Offenders
Villodas, M. L., Wilson, A. B., Ansong, D., Munson, M. R., Goings, T. C., & Nebbitt, V. E. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-023-00942-z
“Since 2012 the prevalence of mental health challenges among youth has rapidly grown worse in the United States (Bernaras et al., 2019; Bitsko et al., 2018 ; Griffin et al., 2018; Keyes et al., 2019).”
Perceived School Resource Officer bias and Black student mental healthPreprint
Darling-Hammond, S. (2023) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/wkhcp
Designing an entrepreneurial curriculum model for the second secondary level
Jafarpour, M., Hashemi, A. A., & Mashinchi, A. (2022) · doi:10.61838/kman.jayps.3.3.23
Children's well-being VS the culture and market of sexualization: An evidence-based why-questionPreprint
Fotouhi, B. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cjt65
Comparing Apples and Oranges: Are Children and Adults Two Different Species?Preprint
Brandstätter, V., Daum, M. M., Freund, A. M., Maercker, A., Martin, M., Scholz, U., & Shanahan, L. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/myuvf
Positive youth development qualities improve mental disorders and addiction: A cross-sectional survey of teenagers in China under the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Liu, J., Wu, N., Ji, S., Hong, B., & Jiang, L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4374395/v1
False divisions and dubious equivalencies
Javidan, P. (2024) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526170149.00009
Familial Relationships are More Beneficial than Those with Peers: Intrinsic Motivation Plays a Significant Role
Nugraha, M. F., & Sairah, S. (2024) · Psympathic Jurnal ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.15575/psy.v11i1.33665
“…et al., 2023; Casey et al., 2011), is a period of significant neurological changes (Spear, 2013), where individuals tend to experience sleep disorders, loneliness, depression, and even suicidal thoughts (Crowley et al., 2018; Dunster et al., 2019; Keyes et al., 2019; Horwitz et al., 2011).”
Background
Prospective Relationships Among Depression and Perceived Opportunity in Juvenile Offenders
Sandella, M. F., Rackoff, G. N., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.07.006
Perspective Chapter: Self-Regulated Learning – A Gen Z Puerto Rican’s Story
Pérez, D. P., & Colón, J. A. (2024) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1005858
Associations between high school grades and depressive and anxiety symptoms: moderating effects of gender and school level
Paré-Beauchemin, R., Therriault, D., & Lane, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06573-6 · Cited by 1
“First, as described earlier, depressive and anxiety symptoms vary according to gender, these symptoms being usually more prevalent in girls (e.g., Keyes et al., 2019 ; Parodi et al., 2022 ; Shorey et al., 2022 ).”
Influential
Diverging mental health trends in the postpandemic era: results from the HUNT Study, Norway
Weiß, D., Lowenstein, C., Sund, E. R., Vethe, D., & Krokstad, S. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2024-222626

Authors: Keyes, K. M., Gary, D., O’Malley, P. M., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J.
Affiliations: Universidad Mayor (CL)
Columbia University (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Keyes, Katherine M.
ORCID: Keyes, Katherine M.
O’Malley, Patrick M.
Hamilton, Ava
Schulenberg, John
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-03-30
Volume: 54
Issue: 8
Pages: 987-996
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01697-8
PMC: PMC7015269
OpenAlex: W2926589548
Cited by: 465
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 52.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01001411)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: depressive symptoms, adolescent mental health, age-period-cohort effects, sex differences, girls, boys, cohort effects, period effects, Latino youth, race and ethnicity, parental education, suicide, environmental risk factors
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Students, Suicide, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks