The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018
Open accessAbstract
Background Mental health problems and mental health related mortality have increased among adolescents, particularly girls. These trends have implications for etiology and prevention and suggest new and emerging risk factors in need of attention. The present study estimated age, period, and cohort effects in depressive symptoms among US nationally representative samples of school attending adolescents from 1991 to 2018.Methods Data are drawn from 1991 to 2018 Monitoring the Future yearly cross-sectional surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students (N = 1,260,159). Depressive symptoms measured with four questions that had consistent wording and data collection procedures across all 28 years. Age-period-cohort effects estimated using the hierarchical age-period-cohort models.Results Among girls, depressive symptoms decreased from 1991 to 2011, then reversed course, peaking in 2018; these increases reflected primarily period effects, which compared to the mean of all periods showed a gradual increase starting in 2012 and peaked in 2018 (estimate = 1.15, p < 0.01). Cohort effects were minimal, indicating that increases are observed across all age groups. Among boys, trends were similar although the extent of the increase is less marked compared to girls; there was a declining cohort effect among recently born cohorts, suggesting that increases in depressive symptoms among boys are slower for younger boys compared to older boys in recent years. Trends were generally similar by race/ethnicity and parental education, with a positive cohort effect for Hispanic girls born 1999-2004.Conclusions Depressive symptoms are increasing among teens, especially among girls, consistent with increases in depression and suicide. Population variation in psychiatric disorder symptoms highlight the importance of current environmental determinants of psychiatric disorder risk, and provide evidence of emerging risk factors that may be shaping a new and concerning trend in adolescent mental health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with recent increases in depression and suicidal ideation and behaviors among US adolescents [39–42].”
From Age, period, and cohort effects on suicide death in the United States from 1999 to 2018: moderation by sex, race, and firearm involvement (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Layered atop these well-known developmental trajectories, a series of new findings indicate that rates of these adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide -- especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.(2,20–23)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2003) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1037/e560352009-001 · Cited by 6,930
Self-citationMerikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381 · Cited by 3,990
Miech, R., Johnston, L. A., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J., & Patrick, M. E. (2005) · doi:10.3998/2027.42/146530 · Cited by 1,771
Self-citationTwenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617723376 · Cited by 1,705
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097 · Cited by 1,645
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424
Children Of The Great Depression: 25th Anniversary Edition
Elder, G. H. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,135
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Miech R, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg J (2016) Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2015, secondary school students. Ann Arbor Inst Soc Res Univ Michigan 1:636
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,619
“A rapid increase in self reported depressive symptoms amongst younger adolescents in the US since 2012 has also been reported, peaking in 2018 (the last date of available survey data) 21 .”
BackgroundOdgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000241x · Cited by 675
Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.190434 · Cited by 627
Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018 · Cited by 582
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A. E., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2020) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.17863/cam.57251 · Cited by 499
Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006 · Cited by 426
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411
Daly, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026 · Cited by 432
National Trends in Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Youth, 2011-2020
Bommersbach, T. J., McKean, A. J. S., Olfson, M., & Rhee, T. G. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.4809 · Cited by 363
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ju92a · Cited by 331
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00404-5 · Cited by 333
Twenge, J. M. (2020) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190015 · Cited by 392
“2010 have shown declines in happiness, life satisfaction, and flourishing (5, 6) and increases in loneliness (7), anxiety (5), depressive symptoms (5, 8, 9), major depressive episodes in the past year (10, 11), hospital admissions for self‐harm behaviors (nonsuicidal self‐injury) (12), suicidal ideation (13), self‐har…”
BackgroundWerner‐Seidler, A., Spanos, S., Calear, A. L., Perry, Y., Torok, M. H., O’Dea, B., Christensen, H. M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102079 · Cited by 364
Wiens, K., Bhattarai, A., Pedram, P., Dores, A., Williams, J., Bulloch, A., & Patten, S. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000281 · Cited by 285
“Recently, the use of repeated cross-sectional survey data has improved the ability to analyse trends in youth mental health (Thorisdottir et al., 2017; Wiens et al., 2017; Han et al., 2018; Pitchforth et al., 2018; Keyes et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2019); however, there remains a paucity of research that examines sev…”
Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender
Twenge, J. M., & Farley, E. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01906-9 · Cited by 252
Sander, J., Moessner, M., & Bauer, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052779 · Cited by 193
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Lozano, J., & Cummins, K. M. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103512 · Cited by 191
The youth mental health crisis: analysis and solutions
McGorry, P. D., Gunasiri, H., Mei, C., Rice, S., & Gao, C. X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1517533 · Cited by 261
Why increases in adolescent depression may be linked to the technological environment
Twenge, J. M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.036 · Cited by 182
Xiao, Y., Cerel, J., & Mann, J. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13513 · Cited by 166
Depression and Anxiety Among US Children and Young Adults
Xiang, A. H., Martinez, M. P., Chow, T., Carter, S., Negriff, S. L., Velasquez, B., Spitzer, J., Zuberbuhler, J. C., Zucker, A., & Kumar, S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.36906 · Cited by 156
Wilson, S., & Dumornay, N. M. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.12.003 · Cited by 166
Time trends and disparities in anxiety among adolescents, 2012–2018
Parodi, K. B., Holt, M. K., Green, J. G., Porche, M. V. M., Koenig, B. W., & Xuan, Z. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02122-9 · Cited by 161
“recently documented that depressive symptoms rose significantly over the same time period (2012–2018) in a nationally representative sample of US school-attending youth, with marked increases among females [39].”
BackgroundScreen time, social media use, and adolescent development
Odgers, C. L., Schueller, S. M., & Ito, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084815 · Cited by 137
Pediatric Mental Health Hospitalizations at Acute Care Hospitals in the US, 2009-2019
Arakelyan, M., Freyleue, S., Avula, D., McLaren, J. L., O’Malley, A. J., & Leyenaar, J. K. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.1992 · Cited by 127
Laporte, N., Soenens, B., BRENNING, K. M., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.004 · Cited by 129
“Adolescents are at greater risk for psychological dificulties compared to younger children and adults (Dekovic et al., 2004; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2000), with this vulnerability increasing during the last decennium (Keyes et al., 2019).”
Krokstad, S., Weiß, D., Krokstad, M. A., Rangul, V., Kvaløy, K., Ingul, J. M., Bjerkeset, O. A., Twenge, J. M., & Sund, E. R. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057654 · Cited by 118
Lubans, D. R., Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Leahy, A. A., Morgan, P. J., Lonsdale, C., Plotnikoff, R. C., Nilsson, M., Kennedy, S. G., Holliday, E. G., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277 · Cited by 115
Khan, A., Lee, E., Rosenbaum, S., Khan, S. R., & Tremblay, M. S. (2021) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00200-5 · Cited by 122
More Bored Today Than Yesterday? National Trends in Adolescent Boredom From 2008 to 2017
Weybright, E. H., Schulenberg, J. E., & Caldwell, L. L. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.021 · Cited by 108
Self-citationSocial Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adolescents
Kreski, N., Platt, J., Rutherford, C., Olfson, M., Odgers, C., Schulenberg, J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.006 · Cited by 97
Self-citationSocial Media Use and Depressive Symptoms-A Longitudinal Study from Early to Late Adolescence
Puukko, K., Hietajärvi, L., Maksniemi, E., Alho, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165921 · Cited by 99
Steinhoff, A., Ribeaud, D., Kupferschmid, S., Raible-Destan, N., Quednow, B. B., Hepp, U., Eisner, M., & Shanahan, L. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01573-w · Cited by 100
Adolescents’ Mental Health at School: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
Cavioni, V., Grazzani, I., Ornaghi, V., Agliati, A., & Pepe, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720628 · Cited by 139
Trends in eating disorder risk among U.S. college students, 2013–2021
Daly, M., & Costigan, E. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114882 · Cited by 85
“Affective disorders, which are highly comorbid with EDs (Swinbourne et al., 2012), have also risen most sharply among young females in the US over the past decade (Daly, 2021; Keyes et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialDepression and suicide-risk screening results in pediatric primary care
Kemper, A. R., Hostutler, C. A., Beck, K., Fontanella, C. A., & Bridge, J. A. (2021) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-049999 · Cited by 81
Conte, G., Iorio, G. D., Esposito, D., Romano, S., Panvino, F., Maggi, S., Altomonte, B., Casini, M. P., Ferrara, M., & Terrinoni, A. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02581-w · Cited by 84
“The burgeoning popularity of smart-phones and social media (SM) over the past fifteen years has garnered growing attention in connection with the nota - ble increase in mental health issues among youth observed globally [14, 22–25].”
Cohen, Z. P., Cosgrove, K. T., DeVille, D. C., Akeman, E., Singh, M. K., White, E. J., Stewart, J. L., Aupperle, R. L., Paulus, M. P., & Kirlić, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.622608 · Cited by 85
Adolescent development and growing divides in the digital age
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/codgers · Cited by 74
Hjetland, G., Schønning, V., Hella, R. T., Veseth, M., & Skogen, J. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00582-x · Cited by 69
Historical language records reveal a surge of cognitive distortions in recent decades
Bollen, J., ten Thij, M., Breithaupt, F. A., Barron, A. T. J., Rutter, L. A., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., & Scheffer, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2102061118 · Cited by 80
Dynamics of adolescents’ smartphone use and well-being are positive but ephemeral
Marciano, L., Driver, C., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05291-y · Cited by 78
Is the US Gender Gap in Depression Changing Over Time? A Meta-Regression
Platt, J. M., Bates, L. M., Jager, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab002 · Cited by 71
Self-citationCourtney, D. B., Watson, P., Krause, K. R., Chan, B. W. C., Bennett, K., Gunlicks-Stoessel, M., Rodak, T., Neprily, K., Zentner, T., & Szatmari, P. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46331 · Cited by 63
What is needed to eradicate the depression epidemic, and why
Ormel, J., Cuijpers, P., Jorm, A., & Schoevers, R. A. (2020) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2019.200177 · Cited by 67
Secular trends in mental health problems among young people in Norway: a review and meta-analysis
Potrebny, T., Nilsen, S. A., Bakken, A., von Soest, T., Kvaløy, K., Samdal, O., Sivertsen, B., Aase, H., & Bang, L. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02371-4 · Cited by 66
“The findings for males are more mixed, however, with certain studies identifying increases over time [39, 42, 44] and others finding more stable or decreasing trends [37, 38, 41].”
Askari, M. S., Rutherford, C. G., Mauro, P. M., Kreski, N. T., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02189-4 · Cited by 72
Self-citationSutcliffe, K., Ball, J., Clark, T. C., Archer, D. J., Peiris-John, R. J., Crengle, S. M., & Fleming, T. M. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221138503 · Cited by 85
Girls, mental health and academic achievement: a qualitative systematic review
Stentiford, L., Koutsouris, G., & Allan, A. (2021) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2021.2007052 · Cited by 71
“This resonates with research from other countries that indicates that girls are likely to display greater prevalence of mental health difficulties such as anxiety and depression (e.g. Beattie et al., 2019; Keyes et al., 2019).”
ResultAdolescent social media use and well-being: a systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis
Shankleman, M., Hammond, L., & Jones, F. W. (2021) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-021-00154-5 · Cited by 61
Kostyrka‐Allchorne, K., Stoilova, M., Bourgaize, J., Rahali, M., Livingstone, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12619 · Cited by 75
Hickingbotham, M. R., Wong, C., & Bowling, A. B. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab085 · Cited by 59
Weissman, D. G., Rodman, A. M., Rosen, M. L., Kasparek, S. W., Mayes, M., Sheridan, M. A., Lengua, L. J., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.001 · Cited by 65
“The COVID-19 pandemic has produced sudden and unprecedented changes in the lives of adolescents that have introduced many novel stressors and exacerbated risk for anxiety and depression (7 – 11), which were already on the rise among adolescents in the United States (51).”
InfluentialSuicide assessment and treatment in pediatric primary care settings
Sisler, S. M., Schapiro, N. A., Nakaishi, M., & Steinbuchel, P. H. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12282 · Cited by 62
Schumacher, A., Campisi, S. C., Khalfan, A. F., Merriman, K., Williams, T. S., & Korczak, D. J. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.11.005 · Cited by 61
Knowles, G., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Turner, A. M., Dorn, L., Lam, J., Davis, S., Blakey, R., Lowis, K., Young Persons Advisory Group, Pinfold, V., et al. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13586 · Cited by 57
Declines in non‐digital social interaction among Americans, 2003–2017
Twenge, J. M., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12665 · Cited by 62
Martínez-Alés, G., Pamplin, J. R., Rutherford, C., Gimbrone, C., Kandula, S., Olfson, M., Gould, M. S., Shaman, J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01078-1 · Cited by 52
Self-citationSteinsbekk, S., Nesi, J. L., & Wichstrøm, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107859 · Cited by 66
“During this period, the prevalence of emotional problems in youth has increased (Keyes, Gary, O’Malley, Hamilton, & Schulenberg, 2019; Lebrun-Harris, Ghandour, Kogan, & Warren, 2022; Mojtabai, Olfson, & Han, 2016; Parodi et al., 2022; Platt, Bates, Jager, McLaughlin, & Keyes, 2021; Shorey, Ng, &…”
BackgroundMartínez‐Alés, G., Hernández‐Calle, D., Khauli, N., & Keyes, K. M. (2020) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_158 · Cited by 59
“…approaches (Kessler et al. 2019), can be enhanced by partnering with broader conceptual models to include multiple levels of organization and capture the social, economic, and political settings where suicide, as a complex process, unfolds across the life course (Martínez-Alés and Keyes 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerceived consequences and worries among youth in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
Lehmann, S., Skogen, J. C., Haug, E., Mæland, S., Fadnes, L. T., Sandal, G. M., Hysing, M., & Bjørknes, R. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494821993714 · Cited by 51
Riehm, K. E., Mojtabai, R., Adams, L. B., Krueger, E. A., Mattingly, D. T., Nestadt, P. S., & Leventhal, A. M. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32131 · Cited by 50
Zhang, X., Yue, H., Hao, X., Liu, X., & Bao, H. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102199 · Cited by 50
Melcher, J., Lavoie, J., Hays, R., D’Mello, R., Rauseo-Ricupero, N., Camacho, E., Rodriguez-Villa, E., Wisniewski, H., Lagan, S., Vaidyam, A. N., et al. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1905650 · Cited by 49
“increase in mental health problems among adolescents has actually been trending upward since 2012.(2) Now, during the”
BackgroundDecline of depressive symptoms in Europe: differential trends across the lifespan
Beller, J., Regidor, E., Lostao, L., Miething, A., Kröger, C. B., Safieddine, B., Tetzlaff, F., Sperlich, S., & Geyer, S. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01979-6 · Cited by 53
Gagné, T., Schoon, I., McMunn, A., & Sacker, A. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02194-7 · Cited by 53
Armitage, J. M., Collishaw, S., & Sellers, R. (2024) · Discover Social Science and Health · doi:10.1007/s44155-024-00076-2 · Cited by 69
Woodward, M. J., McGettrick, C. R., Dick, O. G., Ali, M., & Teeters, J. B. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00474-y · Cited by 49
“From 2012 to 2018, depressive symptoms steadily increased in U.S. adolescents (Keyes et al., 2019), and from 2005 to 2014 the 12-month prevalence of major depressive episodes increased by 2.6% in adolescents and 0.8% in young adults (Mojtabai et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSocial connection as a key target for youth mental health
Birrell, L., Werner‐Seidler, A., Davidson, L., Andrews, J. L., & Slade, T. N. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200395 · Cited by 51
Lifetime prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in Saudi youth and adolescents
Altwaijri, Y. A., Kazdin, A. E., Al‐Subaie, A., Alhabeeb, A. A., Hyder, S., Bilal, L., Naseem, M. T., & Devol, E. B. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33005-5 · Cited by 49
Myhr, A., Anthun, K. S., Lillefjell, M., & Sund, E. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01472 · Cited by 43
Gimbrone, C., Bates, L. M., Prins, S. J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100043 · Cited by 41
Self-citationKeyes, K. M., Hamilton, A. D., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.026 · Cited by 39
Self-citationNature-based interventions for vulnerable youth: a scoping review
Overbey, T. A., Diekmann, F., & Lekies, K. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2021.1998390 · Cited by 45
“…about high levels of adolescents and young adults struggling with mental health problems, adjustment difficulties, problem behavior, disengagement, or disaffection (e.g. Olfson et al. 2015; Coley et al. 2018; Keyes et al. 2019; Murray et al. 2019; Mojtabai and Olfson 2020; Cybulski et al. 2021).”
BackgroundCurran, T., Ito‐Jaeger, S., Vallejos, E. P., & Crawford, P. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2023.2182412 · Cited by 40
“In the United States, cohort studies of young people between 1976 and 2017 show marked increases in loneliness after 2011 (Twenge et al., 2019), anxiety (Duffy et al., 2019), depressed mood (Keyes et al., 2019), self-harm (Mercado et al., 2017), and suicidal ideation (J. M. Twenge et al., 2019).”
BackgroundGlobal Well-Being and Mental Health in the Internet Age
Vuorre, M., & Przybylski, A. K. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231207791 · Cited by 39
“These results align with other results that tend to be mixed or find few changes over time (Bor et al., 2014; Collishaw, 2015; Cosma et al., 2020; Keyes et al., 2019).”
McAllister, C., Hisler, G. C., Blake, A. B., Twenge, J. M., Farley, E., & Hamilton, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00832-x · Cited by 38
Associations between screen time and internalizing disorder diagnoses among 9- to 10-year-olds
Roberston, L., Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., & Cummins, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.071 · Cited by 41
Beller, J. (2022) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-022-00732-z · Cited by 40
Barker, K. M., Dunn, E. C., Richmond, T. K., Ahmed, S., Hawrilenko, M. J., & Evans, C. R. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100661 · Cited by 36
Assessing adult ADHD: New research and perspectives
Lovett, B. J., & Harrison, A. G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2021.1950640 · Cited by 35
Martínez‐Alés, G., & Keyes, K. M. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1080-6 · Cited by 38
Self-citationSubstance Use, Suicidal Thoughts, and Psychiatric Comorbidities Among High School Students
Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Gilman, J. M., Evins, A. E., Bentley, K. H., Nock, M. K., Smoller, J. W., & Schuster, R. M. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.6263 · Cited by 35
Lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents: a national cross-sectional study
Kleppang, A. L., Haugland, S. H., Bakken, A., & Stea, T. H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10846-1 · Cited by 35
Fleming, T. M., Ball, J., Bavin, L. M., Rodriguez, C. R., Peiris-John, R. J., Crengle, S. M., Sutcliffe, K., Lewycka, S. O., Archer, D. J., & Clark, T. C. (2022) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2022.2072349 · Cited by 43
Opie, J. E., Vuong, A. T., Welsh, E. T., Gray, R. J., Pearce, N., Marchionda, S., Mutch, R., & Khalil, H. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00469-4 · Cited by 42
MicroRNA regulation of prefrontal cortex development and psychiatric risk in adolescence
Morgunova, A., & Flores, C. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.011 · Cited by 35
Structural sexism and Women's alcohol use in the United States, 1988–2016
McKetta, S. C., Prins, S. J., Hasin, D. S., Patrick, M. E., & Keyes, K. M. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114976 · Cited by 38
Self-citationFoundational Nutrition: Implications for Human Health
Townsend, J. R., Kirby, T. O., Marshall, T. M., Church, D. D., Jajtner, A. R., & Esposito, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132837 · Cited by 47
Garcia-Carachure, I., Flores‐Ramirez, F. J., Castillo, S. A., Themann, A., Arenivar, M. A., Preciado-Piña, J., Zavala, A. R., Lobo, M. K., & Iñiguez, S. D. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0654-7 · Cited by 32
Ren, P., Liu, B., Xiong, X., Chen, J., & Luo, F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.048 · Cited by 35
Kulikov, V. N., Crosthwaite, P. C., Hall, S. A., Flannery, J., Strauss, G., Vierra, E., Koepsell, X., Lake, J. I., & Padmanabhan, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1062471 · Cited by 35
“Depression, a highly prevalent mental health disorder among adolescents, is a growing crisis within the US (1, 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOlfati, M., Samea, F., Faghihroohi, S., Balajoo, S. M., Küppers, V., Genon, S., Patil, K. R., Eickhoff, S. B., & Tahmasian, M. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105313 · Cited by 31
Soft Drink Consumption and Mental Health in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Examination
Mrug, S., Jones, L. C., Elliott, M. N., Tortolero, S. R., Peskin, M. F., & Schuster, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.034 · Cited by 31
Malta, D. C., da Silva, A. G., Prates, E. J. S., Alves, F. T. A., Cristo, E. B., & Machado, Í. E. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720210022.supl.1 · Cited by 31
Freund, V. A., Schulenberg, J. E., & Maslowsky, J. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01198-0 · Cited by 35
“Implications for prevention are especially relevant now as recent studies using the MTF dataset have found both boredom and DA to be increasing in adolescents over the past decade (Weybright et al. 2020; Keyes et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs adolescent internet use a risk factor for the development of depression symptoms or vice-versa?
Fitzpatrick, C., Lemieux, A., Smith, J., West, G. L., Bohbot, V. D., & Asbridge, M. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000284 · Cited by 34
“Over the span of the last decade, depression and suicide rates have climbed significantly among youth, particularly for girls (Hedegaard, Curtin, & Warner, 2021; Keyes, Gary, O ’ Malley, Hamilton, & Schulenberg, 2019; Lin et al, 2016).”
BackgroundAWAKE BRUXISM PREVALENCE ACROSS POPULATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Stanisic, N., Saracutu, O. I., Colonna, A., Wu, W., Manfredini, D., & Häggman‐Henrikson, B. (2025) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2025.102171 · Cited by 30
Yosep, I., Hikmat, R., & Mardhiyah, A. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s406688 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Keyes, K. M., Gary, D., O’Malley, P. M., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Mayor (CL)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keyes, Katherine M.
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2019-03-30
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 987-996
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- PMC
- PMC7015269
- OpenAlex
- W2926589548
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 52.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01001411)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, adolescent mental health, age-period-cohort effects, sex differences, girls, boys, cohort effects, period effects, Latino youth, race and ethnicity, parental education, suicide, environmental risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Students, Suicide, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
