The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018
Open accessAbstract
Background Mental health problems and mental health related mortality have increased among adolescents, particularly girls. These trends have implications for etiology and prevention and suggest new and emerging risk factors in need of attention. The present study estimated age, period, and cohort effects in depressive symptoms among US nationally representative samples of school attending adolescents from 1991 to 2018.Methods Data are drawn from 1991 to 2018 Monitoring the Future yearly cross-sectional surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students (N = 1,260,159). Depressive symptoms measured with four questions that had consistent wording and data collection procedures across all 28 years. Age-period-cohort effects estimated using the hierarchical age-period-cohort models.Results Among girls, depressive symptoms decreased from 1991 to 2011, then reversed course, peaking in 2018; these increases reflected primarily period effects, which compared to the mean of all periods showed a gradual increase starting in 2012 and peaked in 2018 (estimate = 1.15, p < 0.01). Cohort effects were minimal, indicating that increases are observed across all age groups. Among boys, trends were similar although the extent of the increase is less marked compared to girls; there was a declining cohort effect among recently born cohorts, suggesting that increases in depressive symptoms among boys are slower for younger boys compared to older boys in recent years. Trends were generally similar by race/ethnicity and parental education, with a positive cohort effect for Hispanic girls born 1999-2004.Conclusions Depressive symptoms are increasing among teens, especially among girls, consistent with increases in depression and suicide. Population variation in psychiatric disorder symptoms highlight the importance of current environmental determinants of psychiatric disorder risk, and provide evidence of emerging risk factors that may be shaping a new and concerning trend in adolescent mental health.
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“These findings are consistent with recent increases in depression and suicidal ideation and behaviors among US adolescents [39–42].”
From Age, period, and cohort effects on suicide death in the United States from 1999 to 2018: moderation by sex, race, and firearm involvement (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
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“Layered atop these well-known developmental trajectories, a series of new findings indicate that rates of these adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide -- especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.(2,20–23)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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Cites
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Cited by
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The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,619
“A rapid increase in self reported depressive symptoms amongst younger adolescents in the US since 2012 has also been reported, peaking in 2018 (the last date of available survey data) 21 .”
BackgroundOdgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000241x · Cited by 675
Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.190434 · Cited by 627
Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018 · Cited by 582
Metadata
- Authors
- Keyes, K. M., Gary, D., O’Malley, P. M., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Mayor (CL)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keyes, Katherine M.
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2019-03-30
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 987-996
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- PMC
- PMC7015269
- OpenAlex
- W2926589548
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 52.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01001411)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, adolescent mental health, age-period-cohort effects, sex differences, girls, boys, cohort effects, period effects, Latino youth, race and ethnicity, parental education, suicide, environmental risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Students, Suicide, United States
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