Cited by 276Psychometric Methodologies and TestingSurvey Methodology and NonresponseHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life

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Multiple applications of the GHQ-12 in a general population sample: an investigation of long-term retest effects

Pevalin, D. J.·2000·Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

DOI 10.1007/s001270050272

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Abstract

Background Previous studies have indicated that the 60-, 30-, 28- and 12-item versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) are liable to retest effects, especially when administered multiple times with short intervals. The aim of this study was to examine data from a large general population sample for evidence of any retest effects over 7 yearly applications.Methods A core panel was drawn from the British Household Panel Survey of those respondents who had completed the GHQ-12 seven times from 1991 to 1997 (n = 4749). The panel results were compared with cross-sectional data from the Health Surveys for England for the same years. The analyses were conducted separately for males and females broken down by age groupings.Results No evidence of retest effects was found. For males, the panel results did not diverge significantly from the cross-sectional results. For females, the panel results did indicate a divergence from the cross-sectional results, but this was due to the age composition of the panel and differing age trajectories.Conclusion The GHQ-12 is a consistent and reliable instrument when used in general population samples with relatively long intervals between applications.

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Authors: Pevalin, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Essex (GB)
Corresponding author: Pevalin, D. J.
ORCID: Pevalin, D. J.
Venue: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-12-13
Volume: 35
Issue: 11
Pages: 508-512
ISSN: 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
1433-9285
DOI: 10.1007/s001270050272
OpenAlex: W2019521579
Cited by: 275
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 9.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Keywords: GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire, retest effects, repeated measures, general population mental health, British Household Panel Survey, sex differences, age differences, age trajectories
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, England, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Case-Control Studies

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Multiple applications of the GHQ-12 in a general population sample: an investigation of long-term retest effects

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