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Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
Open accessAbstract
Unlabelled This review describes the vitamin D status in different regions of the world with the objective of understanding the scope of hypovitaminosis D and the factors related to its prevalence that may contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and fragility fractures.Introduction Vitamin D status has been linked to the pathogenesis of hip fractures as well as other skeletal and non-skeletal disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide a global perspective of vitamin D status across different regions of the world and to identify the common and significant determinants of hypovitaminosis D.Methods Six regions of the world were reviewed-Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa, Latin America, North America, and Oceania-through a survey of published literature.Results The definition of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, as well as assay methodology for 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D, vary between studies. However, serum 25(OH)D levels below 75 nmol/L are prevalent in every region studied whilst levels below 25 nmol/L are most common in regions such as South Asia and the Middle East. Older age, female sex, higher latitude, winter season, darker skin pigmentation, less sunlight exposure, dietary habits, and absence of vitamin D fortification are the main factors that are significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D levels.Conclusion Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally.
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“Congruent with previous meta-analyses (58,59), and a RCT study (23), our study found a significant reduction in depressive symptoms after 3 months vitamin D supplementation.”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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Association of 25-hydroxy vitamin D with asthma and its severity in children: a case–control study
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Cheong, M., Chew, S. T. H., Oliver, J. S., Baggs, G. E., Low, Y. L., How, C. H., Tan, N. C., Huynh, D. T. T., & Tey, S. L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113329 · Cited by 19
Vitamin D deficiency in children with bronchial asthma in southern Jordan: a cross-sectional study
Al‐Zayadneh, E., Alnawaiseh, N. A., Ajarmeh, S., Altarawneh, A. H., Albataineh, E. M., AlZayadneh, E., Shatanawi, A., & Alzayadneh, E. M. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520974242 · Cited by 20
“Although 25-OH vitamin D levels were not correlated to seasonality in the present study, seasonable variability in 25-OH vitamin D levels has previously been shown to exist, with the lowest levels reported in late summer and winter seasons.(6,26) An aim of the present study was to determine whether a correlation could…”
BackgroundDidar, Z. (2021) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.15231 · Cited by 18
Comparison of 300,000 and 600,000 IU Oral Vitamin-D Bolus for Vitamin-D Deficiency in Young Children
Jiyalal, H., Verma, S., Singhi, S. C., Sankhyan, N., Sachdeva, N. K., & Bharti, B. (2016) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2233-9 · Cited by 18
Nakada, T., Sugiura, S., Uchida, Y., Suzuki, H., Teranishi, M., & Sone, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00176 · Cited by 18
“Females are more likely than males to be affected by vitamin D deficiency (13), but the significance of the difference between the two pathologies was preserved after statistically adjusting for sex.”
Al-Jebawi, A. F., YoussefAgha, A. H., Suwaidi, H. S. A., Albadwawi, M. S., Al Marzooqi, A., Banihammad, A. H., Almarzooqi, S. H., & Alkaabi, M. K. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.04.006 · Cited by 17
“Similarly, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is still quite high in industrialized countries despite the implementation of vitamin D fortification programs for many years (5-8).”
BackgroundCheng, J., Zhai, J., Zhong, W., Zhao, J., Zhou, L., & Wang, B. (2022) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-022-00975-z · Cited by 17
Ismail, N. H., Mussa, A., Al‐Khreisat, M. J., Yusoff, S. M., Husin, A., Johan, M. F., & Islam, M. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15143227 · Cited by 20
“Nonetheless, the prevalence of sun-seeking conduct is infrequent among these communities owing to the prevalent hot climate [63].”
BackgroundTarek, B. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030379 · Cited by 18
Yang, X., Chai, M., & Lin, M. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04683-5 · Cited by 19
“However, epidemiological data based on various studies have shown that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among individuals with T1D varies greatly between 4% and 92% [17, 18], indicating inconsistency and uncertainty in the currently available information.”
BackgroundGrädel, L. G., Merker, M., Müeller, B., & Schüetz, P. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.034 · Cited by 17
Resurgence of vitamin D: Old wine in new bottle
Vaishya, R., Vijay, V., Agarwal, A. K., & Jahangir, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2015.02.002 · Cited by 17
Vitamine D et auto-immunité. Première partie : aspects fondamentaux
Schoindre, Y., Terrier, B., Kahn, J., Saadoun, D., Souberbielle, J., Benvéniste, O., Amoura, Z., Pietté, J. C., Cacoub, P., & Costedoat-Chalumeau, N. (2011) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2011.11.009 · Cited by 19
der Schueren, B. V., Verstuyf, A., & Mathieu, C. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32834d7357 · Cited by 17
Inhibitory effects of imatinib on vitamin D3 synthesis in human keratinocytes
Mehlig, L., Garve, C., Tauer, J. T., Suttorp, M., & Bauer, A. (2014) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.3074 · Cited by 17
Vitamin D Levels in Children With Otitis Media With Effusion: A Case-Control Study
Hosseini, S., Khajavi, M., Eftekharian, A., & Dilmaghani, N. A. (2016) · Thrita · doi:10.5812/thrita.31977 · Cited by 17
Jari, M., Qorbani, M., Moafi, M., Motlagh, M. E., Keikha, M., Ardalan, G., & Kelishadi, R. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in orthopaedic patients – A single centre study
Pal, C. P., Kumar, H., Kumar, D., Mittal, V., Deshwar, G., Altaf, D., & Verma, S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2016.06.009 · Cited by 17
Body composition and metabolic profile in adults with vitamin D deficiency
Rocha, L. M., Baldan, D. C. S., de Souza, A. L., Chaim, É. A., Pavin, E. J., & Alegre, S. M. (2017) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-98652017000400002 · Cited by 17
Chiang, J. M., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Kanaya, A. M. (2018) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000487272 · Cited by 17
Lee, D.-H., Park, K. S., & Cho, M.-C. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000011419 · Cited by 17
“Vitamin D deficiency is a major health issues around the world and is the main causes of hypovitaminosis, which is thought to be due to less sun exposure and lifestyle modifications.([11,12]) A major source of vitamin D is synthesis in the skin.”
BackgroundVitamin D metabolites across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review
Subramanian, A., & Gernand, A. D. (2019) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0721-6 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- on behalf of the IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group, Mithal, A., Wahl, D. A., Bonjour, J.-P., Burckhardt, P., Dawson-Hughes, B., Eisman, J. A., El-Hajj Fuleihan, G., Josse, R. G., Lips, P., & Morales-Torres, J.
- Affiliations
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals (IN)
- International Osteoporosis Foundation (CH)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Hirslanden Clinique Bois-Cerf (CH)
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mithal, A.
- Venue
- Osteoporosis International
- Published
- 2009-06-19
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1807-1820
- ISSN
- 0937-941X (ISSN-L)
- 1433-2965
- OpenAlex
- W2106647095
- Cited by
- 1,472
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 123 · 2012: 94
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vumc.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Osteoporosis International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- International Osteoporosis Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D status, vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, osteoporosis, fragility fractures, hip fracture, risk factors, sun exposure, skin pigmentation, latitude, seasonal variation, dietary habits, vitamin D fortification, global prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Global Health, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Young Adult
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