Cited by 268Bone health and osteoporosis researchBone Metabolism and DiseasesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

Yoon, V., Maalouf, N. M., Sakhaee, K.·2012·Osteoporosis International

DOI 10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a common, morbid and costly disorder characterized by deterioration in bone strength. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. There are basic, clinical, and observational studies that define several of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that predispose smokers to bone loss. Such mechanisms include alterations in calciotropic hormone metabolism and intestinal calcium absorption, dysregulation in sex hormone production and metabolism, alterations in adrenal cortical hormone metabolism and in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) system (RANK-RANKL-OPG system), and direct cellular effects of cigarette use on bone cells. In addition, there is evidence of reversibility in the aforementioned mechanisms with smoking cessation. In summary, cigarette smoking is a reversible risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures through diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y

Cites

134 of 134 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation.
Lacey, D. L., Timms, E., Tan, H.-L., Kelley, M. J., Dunstan, C. R., Burgess, T., Elliott, R., Colombero, A., Elliott, G., Scully, S., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81569-x · Cited by 5,439
Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density.
Simonet, W. S., Lacey, D. L., Dunstan, C. R., Kelley, M., Chang, M.-S., Lüthy, R., Nguyen, H. Q., Wooden, S., Bennett, L., Boone, T., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80209-3 · Cited by 5,130
Incidence and Economic Burden of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures in the United States, 2005–2025
Burge, R., Dawson-Hughes, B., Solomon, D. H., Wong, J. B., King, A., & Tosteson, A. (2007) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.061113 · Cited by 4,026
Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in White Women
Cummings, S. R., Nevitt, M. C., Browner, W. S., Stone, K., Fox, K. M., Ensrud, K. E., Cauley, J., Black, D., & Vogt, T. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199503233321202 · Cited by 3,595
Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton
Riggs, B. L., Khosla, S., & Melton, L. J. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.3.0465 · Cited by 1,846
Inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and promotion of apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes by glucocorticoids. Potential mechanisms of their deleterious effects on bone.
Weinstein, R. S., Jilka, R. L., Parfitt, A. M., & Manolagas, S. C. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci2799 · Cited by 1,753
Incidence and Mortality of Hip Fractures in the United States
Brauer, C. A. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1462 · Cited by 1,657
The Tobacco Atlas
Mackay, J. M., & Eriksen, M. P. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,322
Vitamin D physiology
Lips, P. (2006) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016 · Cited by 1,173
Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis
Kanis, J. A., Johnell, O., Oden, A., Johansson, H., De Laet, C., Eisman, J. A., Fujiwara, S., Kroger, H., McCloskey, E. V., Mellstrom, D., et al. (2005) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3 · Cited by 999

Show all 134 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 265

Smoking as an Effect Modifier of the Association of Calcium Intake With Bone Mineral Density
Breitling, L. P. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2190 · Cited by 16
Association between electronic cigarette use and fragility fractures among US adults
Agoons, D. D., Agoons, B. B., Emmanuel, K. E., Matawalle, F. A., & Cunningham, J. M. (2021) · American Journal of Medicine Open · doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2021.100002 · Cited by 17
“13 , 22 We assumed BMD is also along the causal pathway between e-cigarette use and fragility fractures, hence does not constitute a confounder.”
Background
Association between the dietary inflammatory index and bone markers in postmenopausal women
Song, D., Kim, J., Kang, M., Park, J., Lee, H., Kim, D., Park, S. Y., & Lim, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265630 · Cited by 17
Analysis of potential genetic biomarkers and molecular mechanism of smoking-related postmenopausal osteoporosis using weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning
Li, S., Chen, B., Chen, H., Hua, Z., Shao, Y., Yin, H., & Wang, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257343 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, smoking-induced genetic alterations influence hormone secretion and bone metabolism in women [53, 54].”
Background
Causal Effects of Plasma Proteome on Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis
Han, B., Yan, S., Han, Y., Xu, Q., Zhao, Q., Ma, X.-L., Ni, J., Zhang, L., & Pei, Y. (2022) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-022-01049-w · Cited by 14
“However, observational studies are likely to be affected by confounding factors, such as dietary intake and smoking [14].”
Background
Current and former smokers and hip fractures
Ampelas, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Frailty Sarcopenia and Falls · doi:10.22540/jfsf-03-148 · Cited by 16
Higher prevalence of morphometric vertebral fractures in patients with recent coronary events independently of BMD measurements
Silva, H. C., Pinheiro, M. M., Genaro, P. D. S., Castro, C. H. D. M., Monteiro, C. M. C., Fonseca, F. A. H., & Szejnfeld, V. L. (2012) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.004 · Cited by 16
“Inactivity, smoking, low vitamin D concentrations, hypertension, alcohol abuse, type II diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are known risk factors common to both cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis [11–22].”
Background
Treatment strategies for dental implant removal: A literature review
Masaki, C., Kondo, Y., Tomoeda, K., Nodai, T., Munemasa, T., Mukaibo, T., & Hosokawa, R. (2024) · Japanese Dental Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2024.01.002 · Cited by 14
“Smoking also negatively affects bone metabolism [12].”
Passive smoking is associated with lower age at menopause
Ertunç, D., Tok, E. C., Aytan, H., & Gözükara, Y. (2014) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.938041 · Cited by 14
Quantitative CT‐Based Methods for Bone Microstructural Measures and Their Relationships With Vertebral Fractures in a Pilot Study on Smokers
Zhang, X., Comellas, A. P., Regan, E. A., Guha, I., Shibli-Rahhal, A. A., Rubin, M. R., DiCamillo, P. A., Letuchy, E. M., Barr, R. G., Hoffman, E. A., et al. (2021) · JBMR Plus · doi:10.1002/jbm4.10484 · Cited by 14
“Smoking is a known risk factor for bone loss and fractures, and it appears to be independent of other risk factors such as advanced age, BMI, sex, and gonadal status.((65,66)) The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiologic Study (DOES), a longitudinal study of men andwomen over the age of 60 years, found that smoking is associa…”
Background
Tobacco heating system has less impact on bone metabolism than cigarette smoke
Weng, W., Bovard, D., Zanetti, F., Ehnert, S., Braun, B., Uynuk‐Ool, T., Histing, T., Hoeng, J., Nussler, A. K., & Aspera-Werz, R. H. (2023) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2023.113637 · Cited by 13
Risk of osteoporotic fractures in multiple sclerosis patients in southwest Finland
Åivo, J., Kurki, S. H., Sumelahti, M., Hänninen, K., Ruutiainen, J., & Soilu‐Hänninen, M. (2016) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12623 · Cited by 13
Osteoporosis and Oxidative Stress – Role of Antioxidants
Sheweita, S. A., Khoshhal, K. I., & Baghdadi, H. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_128 · Cited by 13
Causal relationship between breakfast skipping and bone mineral density: a two-sample Mendelian randomized study
Yu, J., Zhuang, C., Guo, W., Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Li, W.-K., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, R., & Tian, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1200892 · Cited by 12
“Confounding factors include but are not limited to sex-steroid de ﬁ ciency (26, 27), vitamin D and calcium (28, 29), physical activity (30), alcohol consumption (31, 32), smoking (33), and glucocorticoid (34)).”
Background
The impact of nonosteogenic factors on the expression of osteoprotegerin and RANKL during human fracture healing
Starlinger, J., Kaiser, G., Thomas, A., & Sarahrudi, K. (2019) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.87.bjr-2018-0116.r3 · Cited by 14
Geographical differences in osteoporosis, obesity, and sarcopenia related traits in white American cohorts
Zhou, Y., Wu, K., Shen, H., Zhang, J., Deng, H., & Zhao, L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48734-9 · Cited by 12
High impact physical activity and bone health of lower extremities in childhood cancer survivors: A cross‐sectional study of SURfit
Zürcher, S. J., Jung, R., Monnerat, S., Schindera, C., Eser, P., Meier, C., Rueegg, C. S., von der Weid, N., & Kriemler, S. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32963 · Cited by 13
“, alcohol consumption or nutrition) that may also have contributed to different bone outcomes.(3,7,8) The lack of association between LS and IL is hard to interpret and may have diagnostic or mechanical explanations with low precision of DXA(36,37) and/or higher demands of IL-PA needed for positive effect on LS(17) th…”
Background
Smoking-Induced Oxidative Stress in Bone: The Effects on Bone Turnover
Kohler, J. B., Junqueira, J. J. M., da Silva, T. C. M., Filho, M. A. G. P., Tiberio, I. D. F. L. C., Lopes, F. D. T. Q. S., & Barbosa, A. P. (2021) · Journal of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery · doi:10.29245/2767-5130/2021/2.1138 · Cited by 11
Maternal preeclampsia and bone mineral density of the adult offspring
Miettola, S., Hovi, P., ANDERSSON, S. M., Strang‐Karlsson, S., Pouta, A. M., Laivuori, H. M., Järvenpää, A., Eriksson, J. G., Mäkitie, O., & Kajantie, E. (2013) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.028 · Cited by 12
Pathophysiology of the risk factors associated with osteoporosis and their correlation to the T-score value in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis in the United Arab Emirates
Ibrahim, N., Nabil, N., & Ghaleb, S. (2019) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_4_19 · Cited by 13
“[44,45] Nicotine has an indirect effect on BMD, which is caused by releasing calcitropic hormones and glucocorticoids, which leads to an increase in bone resorption.”
Smoking, Alcohol, and Bone Health
Sahni, S., & Kiel, D. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_30 · Cited by 12
“metabolism of adrenal cortical and gonadal hormones [ 12 – 14 ], calciotropic hormones [ 15 ] such as”
Background
Association between Apical Periodontitis and Chronic Diseases: An Umbrella Review.
Pinto, K. P., Conceição, G. S. A., Ferreira, C. M. A., Sassone, L. M., Fidalgo, T. K. D. S., & Silva, E. J. N. L. (2023) · Iranian endodontic Journal/Iranian endodontic journal. · doi:10.22037/iej.v18i3.42560 · Cited by 11
“In the same way, tobacco smoking can be a potential risk factor for apical periodontitis, CVD, DM and osteoporosis [59-61], as well as”
Background
Shared genetic basis connects smoking behaviors and bone health: insights from a genome-wide cross-trait analysis
Qin, C., Zhang, W., Xiao, C., Qu, Y., Xiao, J., Wu, X., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., He, L., Zhu, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1093/jbmr/zjae082 · Cited by 11
COPD: osteoporosis and sarcopenia
Majid, H., Kanbar-Agha, F., & Sharafkhaneh, A. (2016) · COPD Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40749-016-0019-0 · Cited by 14
“Smoking contributes to osteoporosis through a variety of mechanisms, including effects on estradiol activity [87], as well the as Vit D/PTH axis [88], increased free radicals and oxidative stress resulting in more bone resorption [89], and modulation of OPG/RANK/RANKL system [90].”
Background
A profiling analysis of contributions of cigarette smoking, dietary calcium intakes, and physical activity to fragility fracture in the elderly
Pham, T. T. T., Nguyen, D. N., Dutkiewicz, E., Eisman, J. A., & Nguyen, T. V. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28660-y · Cited by 11
Does Smoking Impair Bone Regeneration in the Dental Alveolar Socket?
Shah, F. A., Sayardoust, S., Omar, O., Thomsen, P., & Palmquist, A. (2019) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00610-4 · Cited by 10
Effect of COVID ‐19 pandemic on lifestyle and bone mineral density in young adults
Falbová, D., Kovalčíková, V., Beňuš, R., Sulis, S., & Vorobeľová, L. (2023) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.24009 · Cited by 13
“Nicotine in tobacco has been shown to decrease estrogen secretion, which inhibits calcium dissolution in bone, and to accelerate the conversion of estradiol to lower metabolites, thus affecting calcium and vitamin D metabolism (Yoon et al., 2012).”
Background
Oligonucleotide Therapeutics for Age-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Successes and Challenges
Nicholson, T. A., Sagmeister, M. S., Wijesinghe, S. N., Farah, H., Hardy, R., & Jones, S. W. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010237 · Cited by 9
Effects of smoking habit change on hospitalized fractures: a retrospective cohort study in a male population
Cho, I. Y., Cho, M. H., Lee, K., Park, S. M., Lee, H., Son, J. S., Kim, K., Choi, S., Chang, J., Koo, H. Y., et al. (2020) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-020-0686-y · Cited by 9
Effects of resveratrol and cigarette smoking onbone healing: histomorphometric evaluation
ŞAHİN, Ö. K., Aksoy, M. Ç., & Avunduk, M. C. (2016) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-1501-109 · Cited by 10
Predicting fracture risk for elderly osteoporosis patients by hybrid machine learning model
Liu, M., Wei, X., Xing, X., Cheng, Y., Ma, Z., Ren, J., Gao, X., & Xu, A. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241257456 · Cited by 9
“Some of the features 18 this study are well known to be associated with osteoporosis or even fractures, such as smoking history, 19 weight loss, 20 DXA value of Lumbar spine 1, weight, age, sodium-blood and DXA value of L1-L2.”
Background
Gene Set Based Integrated Methylome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Molecular Mechanisms Linking Cigarette Smoking and Related Diseases
Mishra, P. P., Mishra, B. H., Raitoharju, E., Mononen, N., Viikari, J. S. A., Juonala, M., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Kähönen, M. A. P., Raitakari, O. T., & Lehtimäki, T. J. (2023) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2023.0028 · Cited by 8
“For example, smoking is a well-known risk factor for osteoporosis (Yoon et al., 2012); this study identified the smokingtriggered epigenetic mechanism that affects genes involved in the process of bone formation.”
Background
Smoking contribution to the global burden of metabolic disorder: A cluster analysis
Zhong, H., Ni, X., Chen, R., & Hou, X. (2024) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2024.02.001 · Cited by 12
Smoking habits and osteoporosis in community-dwelling men subjected to dual-X-ray absorptiometry: a cross-sectional study
Vergatti, A., Abate, V., D’Elia, L., FILIPPO, G. D., Piccinocchi, G., Gennari, L., Merlotti, D., Galletti, F., Strazzullo, P., & Rendina, D. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-024-02402-6 · Cited by 8
Documento de consenso: Recomendaciones para el manejo de la enfermedad ósea metabólica en pacientes con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
Martínez, E., Gimeno, E. J., Reyes‐García, R., Carpintero, P., Casado, J. L., Montes, J. D. P., Domingo, P., Estrada, V., Malouf, J., Negredo, E., et al. (2013) · Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2013.07.008 · Cited by 8
Identification of the specific microRNAs and competitive endogenous RNA mechanisms in osteoporosis
Hong, J., Ye, F., Yu, B., Gao, J., Qi, F., & Wang, W. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520954722 · Cited by 8
Role of active and environmental tobacco smoke on susceptibility to osteoporosis in women undergoing dual-X-ray absorptiometry
Vergatti, A., Abate, V., Giaquinto, A., Altavilla, N., D’Elia, L., Evangelista, M., FILIPPO, G. D., Piccinocchi, G., Gennari, L., Merlotti, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-023-02211-3 · Cited by 8
“Currently, cigarette smoking is already considered a significant Op risk factor [14], since it inversely correlates with BMD in both elderly men and women, in perimeno-pausal women, and even in young men [15].”
Background
Computed tomography provides a “one-stop-shop” targeted analysis for coronary artery calcification and osteoporosis: a review
Luo, J., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Liao, H., Qing, W., Zhang, M., Tang, D., Luo, G., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1356831 · Cited by 8
“Interestingly, quitting smoking has been reported to reverse its effects on BMD (64).”
Comparison of bone mineral density changes between male and female osteoporosis patients using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan
Al-Bogami, M. M., Akanle, O. A., Aldawood, S., Alkhorayef, M. A., Sulieman, A., Jawad, A. S. M., & Mageed, R. A. (2022) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110624 · Cited by 8
Association Between Self‐Reported Lactose Intolerance, Additional Environmental Factors, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Adults
Falbová, D., Švábová, P., Beňuš, R., Hozáková, A., Sulis, S., & Vorobeľová, L. (2025) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.24202 · Cited by 7
“In addition, the review by Yoon, Maalouf, and Sakhaee (2012) described many other pathophysiologic mechanisms that predispose smokers to bone loss.”
Impact of cigarette smoke on osteogenic and osteoclast signaling in middle palatal suture
Arnez, M. F. M., Monteiro, P. M., Paula‐Silva, F. W. G., Barretto, G. D., de Menezes, L. M., Küchler, É. C., Fukada, S. Y., Matsumoto, M. A. N., & Stuani, M. B. S. (2022) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440202203966 · Cited by 7
Is Corticalization in Radiographs Related to a Higher Risk of Bone Loss around Dental Implants in Smoking Patients? A 5-Year Observation of Radiograph Bone-Texture Changes
Wach, T., Hadrowicz, P., Trybek, G., Michcik, A., & Kozakiewicz, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165351 · Cited by 8
E-cigarette aerosol exposure effect on bone biomechanical properties in murine models
Morgan, M., Farra, Y. M., Vergara-Anglim, A., Bellini, C. M., Oakes, J. M., & Shefelbine, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111879 · Cited by 6
Clinical insights into the role of smoking, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis in osteoporotic fractures
Hussain, M. S., Islam, T., Islam, S., Danishuddin, & Haque, M. A. (2025) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-025-01575-8 · Cited by 8
“Nicotine, another harmful component of cigarette smoke, is also recognized as a major factor contributing to osteoporotic disturbances [34, 35].”
Exposure to tobacco smoke increases bone loss in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Xu, J., Qiu, X., Liang, Z., Smiley‐Jewell, S. M., Lu, F., Yu, M., Pinkerton, K. E., Zhao, D., & Shi, B. (2018) · Inhalation Toxicology · doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1506838 · Cited by 6
“Clinically, the effect of smoking on bone loss has been proven (Yoon et al., 2012).”
Background
A case‐control study of the association between sialolithiasis and osteoporosis
Hung, S., Xirasagar, S., Cheng, Y., & Lin, H. (2019) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.13310 · Cited by 6
The association of tobacco smoking and bone health in the elderly population of Iran: results from Bushehr elderly health (BEH) program
Valeh, T., Gharibzadeh, S., Tajrishi, F. Z., Fahimfar, N., meibodi, H. R. A., Shafiee, G., Heshmat, R., Ostovar, A., Sanjari, M., Nabipour, I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00532-1 · Cited by 7
Associations between bone mineral density and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Zhang, X., Ding, K., Miao, X., Wang, J., Hu, B., Shen, J., Hu, X., Xu, Y., Yu, B., Tu, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605221094644 · Cited by 6
“In addition, alterations in bone metabolism may occur as indirect or direct effects of nicotine, or other constituents of cigarette smoke, on osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption.(15) Indirect systemic effects, through the induction of lung inflammation and the production of systemic inflammato…”
Background
Effect of cigarette smoking on alveolar bone thickness and density in patients undergoing leveling and alignment of crowded lower anterior teeth: a controlled clinical trial
Sahtout, G. F., Burhan, A. S., & Nawaya, F. R. (2022) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605221138461 · Cited by 7
Gravidity, Parity, and Vertebral Dimensions in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966
Oura, P., Paananen, M., AUVINEN, J. P., Niinimäki, J. L., Niinimäki, M. J., Karppinen, J. I., & Junno, J. (2018) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000002640 · Cited by 6
Bone Health in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases
Benlidayı, İ. C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85831-1.00002-4 · Cited by 6
HIV-Infected Adolescent, Young Adult and Pregnant Smokers: Important Targets for Effective Tobacco Control Programs
Escota, G. V., & Önen, N. F. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10062471 · Cited by 6
“developing cardiovascular disease [47,48], ischemic stroke [49,50], peripheral vascular disease [51], lung cancer [52], cervical cancer [53,54], and osteoporosis [55,56] independent of each other.”
Background
Cigarette Smoking and Bone Health
Hamdy, R. C., Dickerson, K., & Whalen, K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2020.06.005 · Cited by 6
Impact of Vitamin D Status and Nutrition on the Occurrence of Long Bone Fractures Due to Falls in Elderly Subjects in the Vojvodina Region of Serbia
Gvozdenović, N., Šarac, I., Ćorić, A., Saša, K., Nikolić, S., Ždrale, I., & Milešević, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162702 · Cited by 5
The influence of snuff and smoking on bone accretion in late adolescence. The Tromsø study, Fit Futures
Nilsen, O. A., Emaus, N., Christoffersen, T., Winther, A., Evensen, E., Thrane, G., Furberg, A., Grimnes, G., & Ahmed, L. A. (2021) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-021-01003-7 · Cited by 5
“Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of the adverse effects of tobacco on bone remain to be clarified [38].”
Background
Association between Serum Cotinine Levels and Bone Mineral Density: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Fang, J., Wang, D., Yang, H.-Y., Zhang, H., Tong, J., & Lin, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2022/6830705 · Cited by 5
The joint effects of physical activity and sleep duration on risk of osteoporosis in Taiwanese adult population: The Taiwan Biobank Study
Chen, K.-H., Su, C., Liu, W.-J., Tzeng, H.-E., Lee, C.-L., & Tsai, C. (2023) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-023-06947-9 · Cited by 5
A cross-sectional study exploring useful indicators for low bone mineral density in male alcoholic patients
Horai, T., Hishimoto, A., Otsuka, I., So, T., Mouri, K., Shimmyo, N., Boku, S., Okishio, N., & Sora, I. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s153360 · Cited by 5
“29 Our second finding is that the level of ucOC was significantly higher in the low BMD group.”
Altered levels of BMD, PRL, BAP and TRACP-5b in male chronic patients with schizophrenia
Du, X., Ye, F., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Xiao, W., Tang, X., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70668-w · Cited by 5
Determinants of bone mineral density in various regions of the skeleton among smokers and non-smokers: the role of physical activity
Kopiczko, A., Czapla, M., Kubielas, G., & Uchmanowicz, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1403102 · Cited by 5
Nonskeletal Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Fractures
Nieves, J. W. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415853-5.00034-0 · Cited by 5
Vitamin D status-associated postoperative complications in patients with hip dysplasia after periacetabular osteotomy: A case–control study
Kitade, K., Mawatari, T., Baba, S., Sueda, R., Hagio, S., Kawahara, S., Ikemura, S., & Nakashima, Y. (2022) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/mr/roac120 · Cited by 4
Association between Smoking Status and the Risk of Hip Fracture in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Lee, S., Heu, J.-Y., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Han, K., & Kwon, H. (2023) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2023.1760 · Cited by 4
“Since that smoking increases the risk of hip fractures in the general population [1], it is plausible to expect that smoking would increase the risk of hip fractures in type 2 diabetes patients [2].”
Influential
Weight changes after smoking cessation affect the risk of vertebral fractures: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Park, J., Han, S., Park, S., Hwang, Y., Park, J., Han, K., Suh, D. H., & Hong, J. (2024) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2024.01.009 · Cited by 3
Mechanisms for increased systemic fracture risk after index fracture
Osipov, B., & Christiansen, B. (2021) · Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices · doi:10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100072 · Cited by 4
Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns as Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: A Literature Review
Tayyem, R., Abuhijleh, H., & Al-Khammash, A. (2022) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401319666221020150214 · Cited by 4
Early diagnosis of heterotopic ossification among patients admitted to a neurological Post-Intensive Care Rehabilitation Unit
Carpentier, V. T., Salga, M., Gatin, L., Genêt, F., & Paquereau, J. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06589-8 · Cited by 4
Inflammatory impact of cigarette smoking on bone function and structure; a review of evidence
Shahbaz, Y., Shirmohammadi, R., Shamsghahfarokhi, S., Esfahani, H., Forghan, M., Jelodar, H. E., Ashrafi, L., & Mousavi, M. (2025) · Journal of Parathyroid Disease · doi:10.34172/jpd.2025.13302 · Cited by 3
“Effects of tobacco smoke on skeletal integrity manifest through complex interactions that influence bone metabolism, repair processes, and long-term skeletal health outcomes (1,47).”
Transgenerational effects of maternal exposure to nicotine on structures of pituitary-gonadal axis of rats
Souza, G. S., Freitas, I., de Souza, J. C., Miraglia, S. M., & Paccola, C. C. (2023) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2023.116525 · Cited by 3
Influence of sport type and gender on bone turnover markers in young athletes
Apiloko, J. O., Aje, O. S., Awotidebe, T. O., Okhawere, M. I., Mbada, C. E., Onyeso, O. K., Idomeh, F. A., Adagbusi, C. O., & Oke, K. I. (2023) · Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1186/s43161-023-00150-x · Cited by 3
“Several factors, such as smoking, body mass index, hormones [18, 19], and gender [20], can influence bone turn-over rates and their biomarkers.”
Background
Osteoporosis
Gagné, L., & Maizes, V. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00036-0 · Cited by 3
Dynamics of atlantoaxial rotation related to age and sex: a cross-sectional study of 308 subjects
Lodin, J., Terč, J., Cihlář, F., Sameš, M., Cihlář, J., & Vachata, P. (2023) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2023.05.008 · Cited by 3
Exploring the shared gene signatures of smoking-related osteoporosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using machine learning algorithms
Wang, H., Li, S., Chen, B., Wu, M., Yin, H., Shao, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204031 · Cited by 3
“Smoking-induced genetic alterations influence the secretion of hormones and bone metabolism in the elderly population, which regulate the pathogenesis of OP (Yoon et al., 2012; MaromHaham and Shulman, 2016).”
Background
Bone Mineral Density in Severely Obese Women: Health Risk and Health Protective Risk Factors in Three Different Bone Sites
Cardoso, C. K. D. S., Peixoto, M. D. R. G., Rodrigues, A. P. D. S., Mendonça, C. R., de Oliveira, C. M., & Silveira, É. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197017 · Cited by 3
Relationship between self-reported high-heeled shoe use and bone mineral density using quantitative ultrasound at a community health fair
Glassy, C. M., Glassy, M. S., & Guggenheim, C. (2012) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-012-2088-z · Cited by 3
Mechanisms of Nontraditional and Lifestyle Interventions for Bone Health
Via, M. A., & Mechanick, J. I. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11269-3 · Cited by 3
Analysis of the toxicity and mechanisms of osteoporosis caused by cigarette toxicants using network toxicology and molecular docking techniques
Xie, W., Song, C., Hao, P., Li, F., Hou, X., Chen, J., Liu, Z., & Wang, Z. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180414 · Cited by 2
What Are the Barriers to Adoption of a Lifestyle Associated with Optimal Peak Bone Mass Acquisition? A Qualitative Study of Young Adults in New Zealand
Zafar, S., Denison, H. J., Patel, H., & Dennison, E. M. (2022) · Osteology · doi:10.3390/osteology2010004 · Cited by 2
Mo and Sn exposure associated with the increased of bone mineral density
Wang, J., Zhang, X., Zeng, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, X., & Wang, F. (2025) · BioMetals · doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00662-6 · Cited by 2
“Study have indicated that smoking is associated with lower BMD in a dose-dependent and duration-dependent manner (Yoon et al. 2012).”
Validation of an osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Vietnamese postmenopausal women and men over 50 years
Nguyen, A. T., Bui, T. T., Tran, N. T. M., Nguyen, O. N., Pham, H. T. T., Tran, P. T., Hoang, H. T., Diem, H. T., & Tran, D. T. (2025) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s00774-025-01582-2 · Cited by 2
“…factors present intriguing avenues for interventions and prevention and include dietary habits [5], sedentary lifestyles [6], body composition and body weight [7], smoking [8], prolonged corticosteroid therapy [9], excessive alcohol [10], coffee consumption [11], and vitamin D3 deficiency [12].”
Exploration of the Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Metabolic Measures in Young People Living with HIV
Rubinstein, M. L., Harris, D. R., Rudy, B. J., Kapogiannis, B. G., Aldrovandi, G. M., & Mulligan, K. M. (2014) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/740545 · Cited by 2
“The association between tobacco use and bone mineral density (BMD) is influenced by both dose and duration of smoking [17–20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Predictors of Bone Mineral Density among Asian Indians in Northern Mississippi: A Pilot Study.
Nahar, V. K., Nelson, K., Ford, M. A., Sharma, M., Bass, M. A., Haskins, M. A., & Garner, J. C. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
The Effect of Smoking on Bone Health
Kim, K. H. (2013) · Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · doi:10.25055/jksrnt.2013.4.1.20 · Cited by 2
“(62) 그러나 불일치하는 연구 결과도 다수 발표되어 더욱 많은 연구가 필요하다.(17,63) 흡연이 골 자체에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 기전에 대해서 는 좀더 연구가 필요하다.”
Influential
Telenursing of Osteoporosis Self-Management for Women Health
Ramadan, R. M. E.-S., Hussein, E. S. E., & Amr, T. E.-S. E.-S. (2020) · Egyptian Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.21608/ejnhs.2020.80268 · Cited by 2
“Patients should be counseled to quit smoking because it has been shown to decrease BMD at all skeletal sites (Yoon et al., 2012).”
Background
Differential Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Fracture Risks in Subjective Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study
Um, Y. H., Wang, S., Han, K.-D., Kim, N.-Y., Kang, D. W., Na, H.-R., Lee, C. U., & Lim, H. K. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0165 · Cited by 2
Sexual orientation‐based disparities in bone health: Evidence of reduced bone mineral density and mineral content among sexual minority men but not women in multiple NHANES waves
Gibb, J. K., & Shattuck, E. C. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23534 · Cited by 2
Reference measurements for average human neurocranial bone density to inform head trauma interpretations
Rowbotham, S. K., Mole, C. G., Tieppo, D., Błaszkowska, M., Cordner, S. M., & Blau, S. (2022) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2022.2141320 · Cited by 2
Influence of Cigarette Smoke Inhalation on an Autogenous Onlay Bone Graft Area in Rats with Estrogen Deficiency: A Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemistry Study
Nunes, C. M. M., Bernardo, D. V., Ferreira, C. L., Gomes, M. F., Marco, A. C. D., Santamaria, M. P., & Jardini, M. A. N. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20081854 · Cited by 2
“Smoking may cause changes in osteogenesis, including changes in the balance of RANK/RANKL/OPG [50].”
Background
Decreased serum calcium levels and negative correlation with degree of nicotine dependence in heavy smokers
Dai, D.-B., Kang, Y., Lin, W., Sun, D., Ding, C., Fan, Y., Xu, J., Liu, Y., Li, G., & Wang, D. (2019) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2019.1664656 · Cited by 2
“The direct and indirect effects of cigarette smoking on bone metabolism are assumed to enhance calcium reabsorption and to decrease calcium absorption (Jorde et al., 2005; Krall & DawsonHughes, 1999; Yoon et al., 2012).”
Background
Comprehensive metabolic characterization of serum osteocalcin action in a large non-diabetic sample
Entenmann, L., Pietzner, M., Artati, A., Hannemann, A., Henning, A., Kastenmüller, G., Völzke, H., Nauck, M. A., Adamski, J., Wallaschofski, H., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184721 · Cited by 1
Metabolic and Other Endocrine Elements with Regard to Lifestyle Choices: Focus on E-Cigarettes
Osman, A., Petrescu, G. S., Țuculină, M. J., Dascălu, I. T., Popescu, C., Enescu, A. Ş., Dăguci, C., Cucu, A.-P., Nistor, C., & Carşote, M. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13121192 · Cited by 1
“Conventional cigarette smoking, however, has previously been studied and linked to disturbed bone metabolism and lower bone mineral density and higher fracture risk including in younger individuals [87].”
Background
Evaluation of the Effects of Locally Applied Resveratrol and Cigarette Smoking on Bone Healing
İskender, M. F., Aksoy, M. Ç., Çamlı, Ş. T., Çiriş, İ. M., & Yüceer, R. O. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14156411 · Cited by 1
Cigarette Smoke Exposure Leads to Organic and Mineral Bone Component Changes: The Importance of Rho Kinase Function in These Events
da Silva, A. F., Lima, F. J., Moreira, A. R., Silva, C. D. N., Oliveira, I. B., Callera, A. F., Porfirio, A. L., Alves, L. H. V., Tibério, I. D. F. L. C., Velosa, A. P. P., et al. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14070503 · Cited by 1
“The administration of a Rho GTPase inhibitor partially reversed these events, recovering the collagen type I deposition and enhancing the bone mineralization process, likely by promoting osteoblast activity.”
Does tobacco use influence bone mineral density levels in a Norwegian youth cohort followed from adolescence to young adulthood? The Fit Futures Study (2010–2022)
Sagelv, E. H., Winther, A., Emaus, N., Evensen, E., Christoffersen, T., Dennison, E. M., Furberg, A.-S., Johansson, J., & Nilsen, O. A. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101654 · Cited by 1
Posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis without bone graft preserves hindfoot height and function
Cellier, N., Micicoi, L., Bauzou, F., Marouby, S., Coulomb, R., & Kouyoumdjïan, P. (2025) · SICOT-J · doi:10.1051/sicotj/2025054 · Cited by 1
“Subgroup analysis revealed a greater HFH loss among women and smokers, probably due to the increased frequency of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis in these populations [15, 16].”
Association between childhood trauma and bone health in the United Kingdom
He, Y., Wuertz‐Kozak, K., & Wippert, P. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107650 · Cited by 1
The association between smoking and clinical outcomes among spondylodesis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shafi, M., Lebouille-Veldman, A. B., Omara, C., Kaler, N., Kilgallon, J. L., Sajed, S., Aglio, L. S., Mekary, R. A., & Vleggeert-Lankamp, C. L. A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0337799 · Cited by 1
“…to the inflammatory response), angiogenesis, and osteogenesis, processes crucial to bone metabolism; dioxin, is postulated to adversely affect osteogenesis; and polycyclic aryl hydrocarbon compounds bind osteoblast and osteoclast receptors causing significant bone metabolism impairment [3–6].”
Chest Low-Dose Computed Tomography for Early Lung Cancer Diagnosis as an Opportunity to Diagnose Vertebral Fractures in HIV-Infected Smokers, an ANRS EP48 HIV CHEST Substudy
Thouvenin, Y., Makinson, A., Cournil, A., Eymard‐Duvernay, S., Lentz, P. A., Delemazure, A., Corneloup, O., Fabre, S., Quesnoy, M., Poire, S., et al. (2015) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000599 · Cited by 1
“HCV infection, n (%) 135 (34) 114 (32) 21 (46)”
Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer
Brewer, T. M., Theriault, R. L., & Ueno, N. T. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5647-6_11 · Cited by 1
The effect of cigarette smoking on the serum levels of calcium and 25 hydroxy vitamin D in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis
Wu, L., & Du, Q. (2022) · Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1515/labmed-2022-0061 · Cited by 1

Authors: Yoon, V., Maalouf, N. M., & Sakhaee, K.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Sakhaee, K.
ORCID: Maalouf, N. M.
Sakhaee, K.
Venue: Osteoporosis International
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-02-21
Volume: 23
Issue: 8
Pages: 2081-2092
ISSN: 0937-941X (ISSN-L)
1433-2965
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y
OpenAlex: W2142262092
Cited by: 268
References: 134
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Osteoporosis International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Amgen
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: cigarette smoking, osteoporosis, bone metabolism, bone mineral density, fracture risk, sex hormones, RANK/RANKL/OPG system, calcium absorption, smoking cessation, bone loss
MeSH terms: Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Bone and Bones, Calcitriol, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteoporosis, Parathyroid Hormone, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Smoking, Bone Density, Smoking Cessation, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Young Adult, Osteoporotic Fractures

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks