Cited by 268Bone health and osteoporosis researchBone Metabolism and DiseasesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

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The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

Yoon, V., Maalouf, N. M., Sakhaee, K.·2012·Osteoporosis International

DOI 10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y

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Abstract

Osteoporosis is a common, morbid and costly disorder characterized by deterioration in bone strength. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. There are basic, clinical, and observational studies that define several of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that predispose smokers to bone loss. Such mechanisms include alterations in calciotropic hormone metabolism and intestinal calcium absorption, dysregulation in sex hormone production and metabolism, alterations in adrenal cortical hormone metabolism and in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) system (RANK-RANKL-OPG system), and direct cellular effects of cigarette use on bone cells. In addition, there is evidence of reversibility in the aforementioned mechanisms with smoking cessation. In summary, cigarette smoking is a reversible risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures through diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms.

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Authors: Yoon, V., Maalouf, N. M., & Sakhaee, K.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Sakhaee, K.
ORCID: Maalouf, N. M.
Sakhaee, K.
Venue: Osteoporosis International
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-02-21
Volume: 23
Issue: 8
Pages: 2081-2092
ISSN: 0937-941X (ISSN-L)
1433-2965
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y
OpenAlex: W2142262092
Cited by: 268
References: 134
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Osteoporosis International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Amgen
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: cigarette smoking, osteoporosis, bone metabolism, bone mineral density, fracture risk, sex hormones, RANK/RANKL/OPG system, calcium absorption, smoking cessation, bone loss
MeSH terms: Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Bone and Bones, Calcitriol, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteoporosis, Parathyroid Hormone, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Smoking, Bone Density, Smoking Cessation, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Young Adult, Osteoporotic Fractures

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The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

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