Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update
Abstract
The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic, acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of beverages.
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The main pathway by which alcohol use is hypothesized to increase cancer risk is through the metabolism of ethanol into acetaldehyde, which forms DNA adducts leading to cancer development.
“Based on current evidence, the main pathway by which alcohol use is hypothesized to increase the risk of cancer is through the metabolism of ethanol into its carcinogenic metabolite acetaldehyde, which forms DNA adducts leading to the development of cancer (see review in 143).”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [143]
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The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Pflaum, T., Hausler, T., Baumung, C., Ackermann, S., Kuballa, T., Rehm, J., & Lachenmeier, D. W.
- Affiliations
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe (DE)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lachenmeier, Dirk W.
- Venue
- Archives of Toxicology
- Published
- 2016-06-29
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2349-2367
- ISSN
- 0340-5761 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0738
- OpenAlex
- W2473946215
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- alcoholic beverages, human carcinogens, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole, quantitative risk assessment, margin of exposure, good manufacturing practices, alcohol content reduction
- MeSH terms
- Acetaldehyde, Ethanol, Alcoholic Beverages, Carcinogens, Humans, Lead, Neoplasms, Risk Assessment
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