The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects
Abstract
Rationale There has been little study of the very early time course of the smoking withdrawal syndrome, despite its relevance to the maintenance of both smoking and postcessation abstinence. The literature contains a range of estimates about the early appearance of withdrawal symptoms, but without reference to empirical data. Objectives The study aim was to conduct a comprehensive, multimodal assessment of the early time course of the symptoms associated with smoking withdrawal among cigarette smokers. Methods Participants were 50 smokers randomly assigned to either abstain or smoke at their own pace during 4 h in the laboratory. Dependent measures included resting heart rate, sustained attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing task; RVIP), selective attention to smoking stimuli (an emotional Stroop task), and self-report (Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale; WSWS). After baseline assessment, participants were assigned to the two conditions and the dependent measures were collected every 30 min. Results Generalized estimating equations revealed that abstaining participants displayed greater withdrawal than smoking participants on all measures with the exception of the Stroop task. Statistically significant differences in withdrawal were found within 60 min on heart rate, within 30 min on the RVIP, and between 30 and 180 min postcessation on the various subscales of the WSWS. Conclusions These findings provide the first evidence of the early time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms, although further research is needed to distinguish withdrawal from drug offset effects. Implications for understanding the maintenance of daily smoking and for the treatment of tobacco dependence are discussed.
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“The potential for diurnal rhythms to fully account for the observed effects involving craving and withdrawal is, in our opinion, modest as our findings are largely consistent with prior studies examining short term abstinence effects as compared to non-abstinence ad-libitum smoking (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Hendricks et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“yet relatively few studies have utilized rapid sampling procedures to precisely model the time course of these constructs (Brown et al., 2013; Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006
In the citing paper
“Since aversive interoceptive cues routinely occur during the fi rst 2 weeks of quitting ( Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006 ;Hughes et al., 1990 )”
From Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the prediction of early smoking lapse and relapse during smoking cessation treatment (2009) · cites this paper as Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006
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Koster, M., van der Pluijm, M., de Haan, L., van Wingen, G. A., & Vermeulen, J. M. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121382 · Cited by 1
“Nicotine has a relatively short half-life of around two hours (Benowitz, 1992), and withdrawal symptoms can emerge within an hour after the last cigarette in habitual smokers (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
Rethinking Tobacco Use Among Older Populations: Biological and Psychological Considerations
Kleykamp, B. A., Gaalema, D. E., Strickland, J. C., & Bergeria, C. L. (2026) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-026-00749-9 · Cited by 1
Tsiora, S., Potter, D. D., Kyle, J. S., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/823158 · Cited by 1
“It has been reported that nicotine withdrawal symptoms emerge as early as 30 minutes after nicotine intake [11], and the structure of associated symptoms as well as their intensity remains constant over time as abstinence levels increase [12].”
BackgroundByeon, H. (2015) · 한국융합학회논문지 · doi:10.15207/jkcs.2015.6.2.025 · Cited by 1
Vasudevan, G., Ajayakumar, A., & Ambatipudi, S. (2023) · doi:10.1177/jpm.221118619 · Cited by 1
Sex Differences in Tobacco Abstinence: Effects on Executive Functioning
Eleuteri, F., Rusich, D., Jansari, A. S., & Arduino, L. S. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.1012107 · Cited by 1
“Such abstinence-induced or reduced deficits, reported soon after the last cigarette is smoked (Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006) and generally lasting for weeks (Gilbert, McClernon, Rabinovich, Sugai, Plath, Asgaard, & Botros, 2004), could be considered as predictors of cessation outcomes…”
Barhwal, K. K., Boppana, S., Vashishtha, V., & Mahapatra, S. C. (2020) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/0972753120927515 · Cited by 1
Effects of Nicotine Withdrawal on Motivation, Reward Sensitivity and Reward-Learning
Oliver, J. A. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Goldfine, M. E. (2009) · doi:10.33915/etd.2924 · Cited by 1
“Estimates among heavy daily smokers indicate that withdrawal symptoms arise anywhere from 30 minutes to a few hours without a cigarette (Hendricks et al., 2006; NIDA, 2006).”
BackgroundMore than the sum of its parts: A network perspective on tobacco withdrawalPreprint
Lydon‐Staley, D. M., Leventhal, A. M., Piper, M. E., Schnoll, R. A., & Bassett, D. S. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t2a9q · Cited by 1
THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FIRST-GENERATION ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AFTER 24-HOUR TOBACCO DEPRIVATION
Harvanko, A. M. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
The Restorative Effects of Smoking upon Self-Control Resources
Heckman, B. W. (2010) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Passive Immunization to treat nicotine dependence in rats.
Roiko, S. A. (2009) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
The Role of Aftereffects and Withdrawal in Addiction
Kassel, J. D., Veilleux, J. C., Heinz, A. J., Braun, A. R., & Weber, S. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118384404.ch11
Effects of Nicotine on a Translational Model of Working Memory
MacQueen, D. A. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Tuschy, L. (2013) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-13213
Bronars, C. A. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Francés, F. C., Tabares, E. B., & Palarea, M. D. D. (2012) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
An investigation on the effects of a visuospatial imagery task on smoking related craving
Flatau, M. C. (2024) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/gpd5-er20
Emergent Cognitive Impairment During Early Nicotine Withdrawal ∗
Schuster, R. M., & Evins, A. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00015-6
The Effects of Varenicline on Neurocognitive Function in Non-smokers with Schizophrenia
Kozak, K. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Drug and non-drug reward processing in cigarette and cannabis users
Lawn, W. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Famitafreshi, H., & Morteza, K. (2020) · Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapeutic Science · doi:10.17352/2455-3484.000043
“There is a difference among individuals in the emergence of withdrawal signs and symptoms [3,4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hendricks, P. S., Ditre, J. W., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hendricks, Peter S.
- Brandon, Thomas H.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2006-06-03
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 385-396
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2067874550
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Florida
- University of South Florida
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA094256)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, nicotine dependence, resting heart rate, sustained attention, emotional Stroop task, tobacco dependence treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Time Factors, Smoking Cessation
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