The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects
Abstract
Rationale There has been little study of the very early time course of the smoking withdrawal syndrome, despite its relevance to the maintenance of both smoking and postcessation abstinence. The literature contains a range of estimates about the early appearance of withdrawal symptoms, but without reference to empirical data. Objectives The study aim was to conduct a comprehensive, multimodal assessment of the early time course of the symptoms associated with smoking withdrawal among cigarette smokers. Methods Participants were 50 smokers randomly assigned to either abstain or smoke at their own pace during 4 h in the laboratory. Dependent measures included resting heart rate, sustained attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing task; RVIP), selective attention to smoking stimuli (an emotional Stroop task), and self-report (Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale; WSWS). After baseline assessment, participants were assigned to the two conditions and the dependent measures were collected every 30 min. Results Generalized estimating equations revealed that abstaining participants displayed greater withdrawal than smoking participants on all measures with the exception of the Stroop task. Statistically significant differences in withdrawal were found within 60 min on heart rate, within 30 min on the RVIP, and between 30 and 180 min postcessation on the various subscales of the WSWS. Conclusions These findings provide the first evidence of the early time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms, although further research is needed to distinguish withdrawal from drug offset effects. Implications for understanding the maintenance of daily smoking and for the treatment of tobacco dependence are discussed.
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“The potential for diurnal rhythms to fully account for the observed effects involving craving and withdrawal is, in our opinion, modest as our findings are largely consistent with prior studies examining short term abstinence effects as compared to non-abstinence ad-libitum smoking (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Hendricks et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“yet relatively few studies have utilized rapid sampling procedures to precisely model the time course of these constructs (Brown et al., 2013; Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006
In the citing paper
“Since aversive interoceptive cues routinely occur during the fi rst 2 weeks of quitting ( Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006 ;Hughes et al., 1990 )”
From Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the prediction of early smoking lapse and relapse during smoking cessation treatment (2009) · cites this paper as Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006
Citations
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The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms
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Essays on the economics of well-being
Wolf, T. (2021) · doi:10.17169/refubium-31263 · Cited by 1
Current awareness in human psychopharmacology
(2007) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.791
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Self-citationLet us work together for enhanced tobacco control strategies!
Sun, M. C. (2022) · Open Health · doi:10.1515/openhe-2022-0023
Taskan, H. S., Yararbaş, G., & Hassoy, H. (2024) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2024.2383344
“This may be related to the research suggesting that nicotine withdrawal may negatively affect cognitive performance, including attention and impulsivity (Hendricks et al., 2006; Powell et al., 2002).”
The role of the endocannabinoid system in attention and nicotine addiction
van Klinken, W. P. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Zhang, J., Hou, L., Shi, W., Chen, G., Huang, W., Liu, X., Gao, X., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, H. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08051-8
EVALUATING ORAL, NON-COMBUSTIBLE POTENTIAL REDUCED EXPOSURE PRODUCTS MARKETED TO SMOKERS
Cobb, C. O. (2009) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/0r28-2s54
Metadata
- Authors
- Hendricks, P. S., Ditre, J. W., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hendricks, Peter S.
- Brandon, Thomas H.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2006-06-03
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 385-396
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2067874550
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Florida
- University of South Florida
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA094256)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, nicotine dependence, resting heart rate, sustained attention, emotional Stroop task, tobacco dependence treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Time Factors, Smoking Cessation
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