CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 158Smoking Behavior and CessationAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the prediction of early smoking lapse and relapse during smoking cessation treatment

Open access
Zvolensky, Michael J., Stewart, Sherry H., Vujanovic, Anka A., Gavric, Dubravka, Steeves, Dan·2009·Nicotine & Tobacco Research
DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntn037PMC PMC2666379
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The present investigation examined whether anxiety sensitivity, relative to anxiety and depressive symptoms, was related to duration to early smoking lapse and relapse (during first 2 weeks postquit) among daily smokers receiving smoking cessation treatment. METHODS: Participants included 123 daily cigarette smokers (84 women; M(age) = 45.93 years, SD = 10.34) living in the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada. RESULTS: Anxiety sensitivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of early smoking lapse (i.e., any smoking behavior) at days 1, 7, and 14 following the quit day. Such effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by gender, nicotine dependence, and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, as well as the shared variance with prequit (baseline) anxiety and depressive symptoms. In contrast to expectation, anxiety sensitivity was not related to smoking relapse (i.e., seven consecutive days of smoking) during the first 2 weeks of quitting. DISCUSSION: Results are discussed in terms of better understanding the role of anxiety sensitivity, along with other affective vulnerability processes, in early problems encountered during a quit attempt.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Among daily smokers in a 4-week group cessation program, higher anxiety sensitivity predicted earlier smoking lapse during the first 2 weeks post-quit but did not predict relapse. Depressive symptoms, not anxiety symptoms, predicted early relapse.

Key findings

  • Anxiety sensitivity (ASI-Total) was significantly associated with lapse at day 1 (OR = 1.04, p < .05), day 7 (HR = 1.02, p < .05), and day 14 (HR = 1.02, p < .05), above gender, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, and baseline anxiety/depressive symptoms.
  • Anxiety sensitivity was not significantly related to relapse; instead, depressive symptoms (MASQ-AD) predicted relapse at day 1 (OR = 1.07, p < .01), day 7 (HR = 1.05, p < .01), and day 14 (HR = 1.03, p = .01).
  • Depressive symptoms also predicted day 1 lapse (OR = 1.04, p < .05), while anxious arousal (MASQ-AA) was not significantly associated with lapse or relapse.
  • By day 14 postcessation, 74.5% (n = 79) lapsed and 45.7% (n = 48) relapsed; at day 1, 52.9% lapsed and 24.5% relapsed; at day 7, 68.3% lapsed and 28.2% relapsed.

Methods

  • Prospective study of 123 daily cigarette smokers (84 women; M age = 45.93 years) recruited from a structured 4-week group Tobacco Intervention Program in Halifax, Nova Scotia; analyses included 106 participants with smoking calendar data at or following the quit day.
  • Baseline measures included the Smoking History Questionnaire, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (quit day), Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression subscales), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index.
  • Participants completed daily smoking calendar logs for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the quit date; analyses used zero-order correlations, logistic regression for day 1 lapse/relapse, and Cox proportional hazards regression for day 7 and day 14 outcomes, with gender, FTND, and MWS as covariates.

Limitations

  • The paper states the sample was relatively homogeneous (e.g., primarily White) and self-selected, limiting generalizability; it also notes the study included only some possible emotional risk factors, relied on self-reported smoking logs without biochemical verification, lacked diagnostic assessments, and did not fix the quit date relative to the 4-week program.
  • The treatment context may limit conclusions about anxiety sensitivity and relapse: the authors note that evidence-based cessation care may have helped anxiety-sensitive smokers recover from lapses, and suggest future self-guided quit attempts or longer follow-up may be needed.
  • The 2-week post-quit timeframe may have been too short to detect anxiety sensitivity–relapse effects, as the authors state.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ntr/ntn037

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 33 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    None of the covariates were significantly associated with relapse during the first day postcessation.

    “None of the covariates were signifi cantly associated with relapse during the fi rst day postcessation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Depressive symptoms (MASQ-AD) were significantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the first week postcessation (HR = 1.05, p < .01).

    “Only MASQ-AD ( HR = 1.05, p < .01)was signifi cantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the fi rst week postcessation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
  • Findingown data

    Nicotine dependence (FTND-Total) was significantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the first 2 weeks postcessation (HR = 1.18, p < .05).

    “FTND-Total ( HR = 1.18, p < .05)and MASQ-AD ( HR = 1.03, p = .01)were both signifi cantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the fi rst 2 weeks postcessation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Anxiety sensitivity (ASI-Total) was significantly associated with increased odds of lapsing during the first week following cessation (HR = 1.02, p < .05).

    “In addition, ASI-Total ( HR = 1.02, p < .05)was associated with signifi cantly increased odds of lapsing during the fi rst week following cessation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
  • Findingown data

    Depressive symptoms (MASQ-AD) were significantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the first 2 weeks postcessation (HR = 1.03, p = .01).

    “FTND-Total ( HR = 1.18, p < .05)and MASQ-AD ( HR = 1.03, p = .01)were both signifi cantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the fi rst 2 weeks postcessation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
  • May combine two claims. 11
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The size of the anxiety sensitivity effects was nearly identical for each measurement timepoint, generally as robust as those observed for nicotine dependence (at days 1, 7, and 14) and essentially identical to those observed for depressive symptoms (at day 1).

    “The size of the anxiety sensitivity effects was nearly identical for each measurement timepoint, generally as robust as those observed for nicotine dependence (at days 1, 7, and 14) and essentially identical to those observed for depressive symptoms (at day 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Depressive symptoms at baseline were a significant predictor of both early lapse (at day 1) and early relapse (at days 1, 7, and 14).

    “We found evidence that depressive symptoms at baseline were a signifi cant predictor of both early lapse (at day 1) and early relapse (at days 1, 7, and 14).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Although not the primary aim of the investigation, we found that depressive symptoms were a signifi cant predictor of early lapse and relapse effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ASI is unique from, and demonstrates incremental predictive validity relative to, trait anxiety and negative affectivity.

    “The ASI is unique from, and demonstrates incremental predictive validity relative to, trait anxiety ( McNally, 2002 ) and negative affectivity ( Zvolensky, Kotov, Antipova, & Schmidt, 2005 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McNally, 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zvolensky, Kotov, Antipova, & Schmidt, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Anxiety sensitivity reflects individual differences in the fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations.

    “Anxiety sensitivity refl ects individual differences in the fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations ( McNally, 2002 ;Taylor, 1999 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McNally, 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Taylor, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These findings replicate and uniquely extend past prospective work on anxiety sensitivity and early smoking lapse (Brown et al., 2001).

    “These fi ndings, which are in accord with integrated theoretical anxiety smoking models ( Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005 ;Zvolensky et al., 2003 ), replicate and uniquely extend past prospective work on anxiety sensitivity and early smoking lapse ( Brown et al., 2001 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brown et al., 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zvolensky et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    History of major depressive disorder is not a significant risk factor for poor cessation outcome in the majority of available studies.

    “Although history of major depressive disorder is not a signifi cant risk factor for poor cessation outcome in the majority of available studies ( Hitsman et al., 2003 )”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hitsman et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The FTND has shown good internal consistency, positive relations with key smoking variables (e.g., salivary cotinine), and high degrees of test-retest reliability.

    “The FTND has shown good internal consistency, positive relations with key smoking variables (e.g., salivary cotinine; Heatherton et al., 1991 ), and high degrees of test -retest reliability ( Pomerleau, Carton, Lutzke, Flessland, & Pomerleau, 1994 ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Heatherton et al., 1991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pomerleau et al., 1994 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The MWS is a reliable and sensitive seven-item self-report scale.

    “The Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MWS; Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986 ) is a reliable and sensitive seven-item self-report scale that was used to measure nicotine withdrawal symptoms on the quit day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The MASQ-AA and MASQ-AD subscales provide psychometrically sound and empirically specific composites for 'pure' anxiety and 'pure' depression symptoms, respectively.

    “only the MASQ-AA and MASQ-AD subscales were used in the present investigation because they provide psychometrically sound and empirically specifi c composites for”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Watson et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Depression-prone smokers may be more apt to become hopeless about successfully overcoming an early lapse and therefore be more likely to experience a full relapse during this same time period.

    “Depressionprone smokers may be more apt to become hopeless about successfully overcoming an early lapse and therefore be more likely to experience a full relapse during this same time period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both aversive states (nicotine withdrawal symptoms and elevated state anxiety) routinely occur upon abstinence from smoking.

    “Both aversive states routinely occur upon abstinence from smoking ( Hughes, Higgins, & Hatsukami, 1990 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hughes, Higgins, & Hatsukami, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It remains plausible that, given the established relationship between anxiety sensitivity and early lapse, repeated lapses over time may place anxiety-sensitive smokers at increased risk for relapse in the longer term (i.e., after the first 2 weeks of the smoking cessation attempt).

    “It remains plausible that, given the established relationship between anxiety sensitivity and early lapse, repeated lapses over time may place anxiety-sensitive smokers at increased risk for relapse in the longer term (i.e., after the fi rst 2 weeks of the smoking cessation attempt).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Anxiety-sensitive smokers may have been aided by evidence-based care strategies for smoking cessation (e.g., learned skill-based coping strategies for avoiding relapse) that helped them recover from lapses and possibly prevented relapses.

    “However, because the present study involved the administration of evidence-based care strategies for smoking cessation, anxiety-sensitive smokers may have been aided by such treatment elements (e.g., learned skill-based coping strategies for avoiding relapse) that helped them recover from lapses and possibly prevented relapses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Determination of lapse and relapse was based on participants' self-reports in their daily smoking logs and did not include biochemical verification of smoking status.

    “Third, determination of lapse and relapse was based on participants' self-reports in their daily smoking logs and did not include biochemical verifi cation of smoking status.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Past work has found that anxiety disorders are associated with early relapse.

    “Although past work has found that anxiety disorders are associated with early relapse ( Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008 )”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The quit date for the present study was not fixed relative to the 4-week program.

    “Finally, the quit date for the present study was not fi xed relative to the 4-week program.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The present sample comprised a relatively homogenous (e.g., primarily White) group of adult smokers who volunteered to participate.

    “First, the present sample comprised a relatively homogenous (e.g., primarily White) group of adult smokers who volunteered to participate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Some participants might have quit before they covered relevant program content that might have been useful for a high-anxiety-sensitive smoker.

    “Thus, some participants might have quit before they covered relevant program content that might have been useful for a high-anxiety-sensitive smoker.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The smoking calendar logs method of tracking smoking patterns has been used successfully in past prospective work on smoking behavior.

    “This method of tracking smoking patterns has been used successfully in past prospective work on smoking behavior ( McLeish, Zvolensky, & Bucossi, 2007 ;Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008 ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McLeish, Zvolensky, & Bucossi, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Smokers with emotional risk factors such as anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms may profit from specialized treatment approaches for the purpose of preventing early lapse and relapse.

    “At a broad-based level, the present data add to the growing literature suggesting that smokers with emotional risk factors such as anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms may profi t from specialized treatment approaches for the purpose of preventing early lapse and relapse ( Zvolensky, Bernstein, Yartz, McLeish, & Feldner, 2008 ).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zvolensky, Bernstein, Yartz, McLeish, & Feldner, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The present results may suggest that anxiety sensitivity is particularly useful in terms of understanding early lapse but not necessarily early relapse.

    “Overall, the present results may suggest that anxiety sensitivity is particularly useful in terms of understanding early lapse but not necessarily early relapse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The present study did not include diagnostic assessments of past or present psychopathology.

    “Fifth, the present study did not include diagnostic assessments of past or present psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Findings of the present study can inform conceptually the development of specialized intervention strategies for smokers who tend to lapse and relapse early in their quit attempts.

    “Findings of the present study can inform conceptually the development of specialized intervention strategies for smokers who tend to lapse and relapse early in their quit attempts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The findings could nevertheless be influenced by the veracity and accuracy of participants' self-report of their emotional status and smoking behavior.

    “Although past work has indicated that such self-reported smoking behavior is reliable ( McLeish et al., 2007 ), the fi ndings could nevertheless be infl uenced by the veracity and accuracy of participants' self-report of their emotional status and smoking behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McLeish et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    These emotional factors (anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms) are naturally only some of many possible emotional risk candidates for early lapse and relapse in smoking cessation.

    “These emotional factors are naturally only some of many possible emotional risk candidates for early lapse and relapse in smoking cessation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
25 of 25

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.

    “Participants had the option of using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during the study (see Measures and Procedure), and all accepted the optional NRT.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The association between anxiety sensitivity and early lapse/relapse is not due to unmeasured confounding.

    “Each model included gender, nicotine dependence (FTND-Total), and nicotine withdrawal -quit day (MWS-Total) as theoretically relevant covariates.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The timing of quit dates relative to the 4-week program averaged out across participants.

    “Although this timing should have averaged out across participants, it would be ideal to standardize the quit date relative to the program start in future research.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Lapsing early after a quit attempt is common and predicts a return to regular smoking.

    “Early lapse to smoking is both common and predictive of subsequent return to regular smoking (i.e., relapse; Brown, Lejuez, Kahler, Strong, & Zvolensky, 2005; Shiffman et al., 1997; Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009).”

    From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009

    The Results report that 74.5% of participants lapsed within 14 days of quitting, supporting that early lapse was common in this treatment sample. The Discussion says only that repeated lapses may increase longer-term relapse risk; the paper does not establish that an early lapse predicts a subsequent return to regular smoking. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Depression and anxiety place smokers at increased risk for cessation failure, though some studies suggest the evidence is inconclusive.

    “Considerable research has assessed the impact of depression and anxiety on cessation outcomes, with a number of studies reporting that depression and anxiety place smokers at increased risk for cessation failure [9-14], with other studies suggesting that the evidence is inconclusive [6,15-18].”

    From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Wellness Program for Latine Adults Who Smoke and Have Psychological Distress: Protocol for a Feasibility Study (2023) · cites this paper as [16]

    The Discussion reports that baseline depressive symptoms predicted early lapse and relapse. It also reports no evidence that prequit anxiety symptoms predicted either outcome, although the Introduction cites earlier work linking anxiety disorders to early lapse and relapse. Thus the paper supports the depression finding and a narrower anxiety-disorder finding, not an unqualified claim about anxiety symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Individuals with PD specifically have particularly difficult experiences with withdrawal and high rates of relapse, due to syndromic sensitivity to interoceptive arousal cues that characterize withdrawal from tobacco or other substances of abuse.

    “Interestingly, individuals with PD specifically have been shown to have particularly difficult experiences with withdrawal and high rates of relapse, due to the syndromic sensitivity to these intereoceptive arousal cues that characterize withdrawal from tobacco or other substances of abuse (Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009).”

    From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Taylor, 1999, Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Zvolensky, M. J., Stewart, S. H., Vujanovic, A. A., Gavric, D., & Steeves, D.
Affiliations
University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author
Zvolensky, Michael J.
ORCID
Venue
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2009-02-23
Volume
11
Issue
3
Pages
323-331
ISSN
  • 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-994X
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntn037
PMC
PMC2666379
OpenAlex
W2171742037
Semantic Scholar
9596f1416e8f17f1fc3b1a78f51f167ff9e31623
Cited by
158
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
FWCI
5.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Dalhousie University
  • Killam Trusts
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01da018734-03)
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH 076629-01, R01MH076629)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA016307, DA 16307-01, F31DA021006, DA018734--01A1, DA021006-01)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
anxiety sensitivity, smoking cessation, smoking relapse, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, emotional vulnerability, daily smokers
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nova Scotia, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Smoking Cessation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review