The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects
Abstract
Rationale There has been little study of the very early time course of the smoking withdrawal syndrome, despite its relevance to the maintenance of both smoking and postcessation abstinence. The literature contains a range of estimates about the early appearance of withdrawal symptoms, but without reference to empirical data. Objectives The study aim was to conduct a comprehensive, multimodal assessment of the early time course of the symptoms associated with smoking withdrawal among cigarette smokers. Methods Participants were 50 smokers randomly assigned to either abstain or smoke at their own pace during 4 h in the laboratory. Dependent measures included resting heart rate, sustained attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing task; RVIP), selective attention to smoking stimuli (an emotional Stroop task), and self-report (Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale; WSWS). After baseline assessment, participants were assigned to the two conditions and the dependent measures were collected every 30 min. Results Generalized estimating equations revealed that abstaining participants displayed greater withdrawal than smoking participants on all measures with the exception of the Stroop task. Statistically significant differences in withdrawal were found within 60 min on heart rate, within 30 min on the RVIP, and between 30 and 180 min postcessation on the various subscales of the WSWS. Conclusions These findings provide the first evidence of the early time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms, although further research is needed to distinguish withdrawal from drug offset effects. Implications for understanding the maintenance of daily smoking and for the treatment of tobacco dependence are discussed.
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“The potential for diurnal rhythms to fully account for the observed effects involving craving and withdrawal is, in our opinion, modest as our findings are largely consistent with prior studies examining short term abstinence effects as compared to non-abstinence ad-libitum smoking (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Hendricks et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“yet relatively few studies have utilized rapid sampling procedures to precisely model the time course of these constructs (Brown et al., 2013; Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006
In the citing paper
“Since aversive interoceptive cues routinely occur during the fi rst 2 weeks of quitting ( Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006 ;Hughes et al., 1990 )”
From Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the prediction of early smoking lapse and relapse during smoking cessation treatment (2009) · cites this paper as Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006
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Anxiety and Depression in Bidirectional Relations Between Pain and Smoking
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Self-citationInterventions for Tobacco Smoking
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Cigarette craving is associated with blunted reward processing in nicotine-dependent smokers
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“…elapsed in between participants’ last cigarette and the onset of the smoking task, yet some withdrawal symptoms emerge within 30 min of abstinence (Hendricks, Ditre, Drobes, & Brandon, 2006), which opens the possibility that very early withdrawal in the nonabstinent condition may have obscured…”
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“The possibility that subjects were experiencing some withdrawal effects at the time of testing can, however, not be excluded, as early effects of withdrawal have been reported within 60 min.(58) However, responses to the VAS during scanning did not suggest effects of withdrawal in NAD.”
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InfluentialAcute Nicotine Differentially Impacts Anticipatory Valence- and Magnitude-Related Striatal Activity
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“This finding is consistent with research showing that withdrawal emerges very quickly after quitting and that the immediate response to nicotine deprivation may be useful in determining the risk for relapse (Hendricks et al., 2006; Kahler et al., 2002; McCarthy et al., 2006).”
ResultNeurocognitive variation in smoking behavior and withdrawal: genetic and affective moderators
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Efficacy of a Nicotine (4 mg)-Containing Lozenge on the Cognitive Impairment of Nicotine Withdrawal
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“In nicotine-dependent smokers, nicotine abstinence results in pronounced cognitive impairments (6,7), and this effect has been observed as early as 30 minutes post cigarette (8).”
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“However, surprisingly few studies have examined the temporal progression of the withdrawal syndrome within these first 24 h, thus leaving a significant gap in our understanding of nicotine withdrawal (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
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“Reductions of attention also profoundly disrupt behavior in numerous clinical syndromes, such as attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Castellanos et al., 2005; Reimer et al., 2005), Alzheimer's disease (Berardi et al., 2005), and drug addiction (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
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“…for diurnal rhythms to fully account for the observed effects involving craving and withdrawal is, in our opinion, modest as our findings are largely consistent with prior studies examining short term abstinence effects as compared with nonabstinence ad libitum smoking (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
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Smoking Abstinence and Neurocognition: Implications for Cessation and Relapse
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“Interestingly, deficits in sustained attention as measured with the RVIP may arise as early as 30 min into withdrawal (Hendricks et al. 2006).”
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Hendricks, P. S., Prochaska, J. J., Humfleet, G. L., & Hall, S. M. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02232.x · Cited by 38
“This measure was used in concurrent validation analyses because withdrawal is believed to be a fundamental criterion of tobacco dependence (e.g. [25]).”
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The latency to the onset of nicotine withdrawal: A test of the sensitization-homeostasis theory
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Nicotine Deprivation Influences P300 Markers of Cognitive Control
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“These effects on cognition emerge within minutes of abstinence (Hendricks et al. 2006), persist for weeks following quitting smoking among some smokers (Gilbert et al.”
InfluentialEffects of exercise on craving and cigarette smoking in the human laboratory
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Differential effects of nicotine exposure on the hippocampus across lifespan
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“These effects are mirrored in adult human smokers, whose withdrawalassociated cognitive deficits encourage continued nicotine administration [184, 185].”
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Resting-state EEG, impulsiveness, and personality in daily and nondaily smokers
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“Current nicotine withdrawal (Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale, WSWS; Hendricks et al., 2006) and breath carbon monoxide (CO; piCO +, Bedfont Scientific Ltd.”
BackgroundMethodThe effects of varenicline on attention and inhibitory control among treatment-seeking smokers
Rhodes, J. D., Hawk, L. W., Ashare, R. L., Schlienz, N. J., & Mahoney, M. C. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2700-6 · Cited by 34
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“, concentration (Hendricks et al. 2006; Hughes et al. 1991; Hughes et al. 1994), attention (Hughes et al.”
Urge to smoke over 52 weeks of abstinence
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“is nicotine deprivation. Although in the present study smokers were allowed to smoke at fixed time points, the time at which the visual dot probe task was administered was about 2.5 h after the last cigarette. Physical symptoms of withdrawal in smokers already begin 30–60 min after consumption of the last cigarette [”
BackgroundInfluentialA randomized controlled trial of distress tolerance treatment for smoking cessation.
Brown, R. A., Reed, K. M. P., Bloom, E. L., Minami, H., Strong, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Hayes, S. C. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000372 · Cited by 32
Effects of nicotine withdrawal on cognition in a clinical trial setting
Wesnes, K. A., Edgar, C. J., Kezic, I., Salih, H. M., & de Boer, P. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3089-6 · Cited by 31
“In laboratory studies, impairment on cognitive tasks emerges between 0.5 and 2 h after tobacco deprivation begins (Parrott et al. 1996; Hendricks et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuillot, C. R., Leventhal, A. M., Raines, A. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.005 · Cited by 32
Subliminal processing of smoking-related and affective stimuli in tobacco addiction.
Leventhal, A. M., Waters, A. J., Breitmeyer, B. G., Miller, E. K., Tapia, E., & Li, Y. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0012640 · Cited by 31
“Recent evidence indicates that withdrawal effects can emerge within a few hours of abstinence (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
WHO MPOWER tobacco control scores in the Eastern Mediterranean countries based on the 2011 report
Heydari, G., Talischi, F., Algouhmani, H., et al. (2013) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2013.19.4.314 · Cited by 30
Mindfulness predicts lower affective volatility among African Americans during smoking cessation.
Adams, C. E., Chen, M., Guo, L., Lam, C. Y., Stewart, D. W., Correa-Fernández, V., Cano, M. Á., Heppner, W. L., Vidrine, J. I., Li, Y., et al. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036512 · Cited by 30
“Additional analyses were conducted adjusting for abstinence status at Day +3, Day +10, and Day +31 in order to control for changes in negative affect associated with nicotine withdrawal (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
MethodKnott, V., & Fisher, D. J. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.4.368 · Cited by 29
Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence and the effect of nicotine gum
Brown, J., Hajek, P., McRobbie, H., Locker, J., Gillison, F., McEwen, A., Beard, E., & West, R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3100-2 · Cited by 28
“In the few studies that have examined the issue directly, different withdrawal symptoms appear to emerge variously between 1 and 6 h after the onset of abstinence (Gross et al. 1997; Hendricks et al. 2006; Parrott et al. 1996; Schuh and Stitzer 1995; Tiffany and Drobes 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWithdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive
Parnarouskis, L., Leventhal, A. M., Ferguson, S. G., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13507 · Cited by 30
Addicott, M. A., Froeliger, B., Kozink, R. V., Wert, D. M. V., Westman, E. C., Rose, J. E., & McClernon, F. J. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.108 · Cited by 27
“Among habitual smokers, these symptoms may begin within an hour after the last cigarette (Hendricks et al, 2006) and can last for weeks (Gilbert et al, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundProgression of nicotine dependence, mood level, and mood variability in adolescent smokers.
Piasecki, T. M., Hedeker, D., Dierker, L., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000165 · Cited by 28
Comparative dynamics of four smoking withdrawal symptom scales
Javitz, H. S., Lerman, C. E., & Swan, G. E. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03838.x · Cited by 26
Khoury, E. N. L., Litvin, E. B., & Brandon, T. H. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0014291 · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe Routledge Handbook of Destination Marketing
Gowreesunkar, V. G., Séraphin, H., & Morrison, A. M. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315101163 · Cited by 26
Dissociation of tolerance and nicotine withdrawal-associated deficits in contextual fear
Gould, T. J., Wilkinson, D. S., Yildirim, E., Blendy, J. A., & Adoff, M. D. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.038 · Cited by 26
“, 2012a), and upon cessation of nicotine treatment, withdrawal-related deficits in learning and other cognitive measures emerge (Ashare et al., 2013; Davis et al., 2005; Heishman, 1999; Hendricks et al., 2006; Hughes et al., 1989; Jacobsen et al., 2005; Raybuck and Gould, 2009).”
BackgroundLife 1 Year After a Quit Attempt: Real-Time Reports of Quitters and Continuing Smokers
Schlam, T. R., Piper, M. E., Cook, J. W., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2012) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9399-9 · Cited by 25
“We reasoned that long-term successful quitters versus continuing smokers would experience less intense withdrawal symptoms such as craving because of their diminished tobacco dependence and/or because they no longer experienced the iterative bouts of craving between cigarettes that often occur during ongoing smoking […”
BackgroundFarris, S. G., Aston, E. R., Abrantes, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.042 · Cited by 25
“This assessment window allowed for the onset of tobacco craving, which can occur within 30 min of not smoking (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
Anhedonia predicts altered processing of happy faces in abstinent cigarette smokers
Leventhal, A. M., Munafo, M. R., Tidey, J. W., Sussman, S. Y., Monterosso, J. R., Sun, P., & Kahler, C. W. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2649-5 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, previous research suggests that withdrawal-related changes in affective withdrawal symptoms do not emerge until at least 60 min of abstinence (Hendricks et al. 2006).”
Fischell, S. A., Ross, T. J., Deng, Z., Salmeron, B. J., & Stein, E. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.020 · Cited by 26
The Effects of Smoking Bans on Self‐Assessed Health: Evidence from Germany
Kuehnle, D., & Wunder, C. (2016) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3310 · Cited by 28
Hendricks, P. S., Delucchi, K., Benowitz, N. L., & Hall, S. M. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt204 · Cited by 23
“Procedures for assessing early withdrawal effects followed those of an earlier study (Hendricks et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSystematic Review of Nicotine Exposure’s Effects on Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells
Brooks, A. C., & Henderson, B. J. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020172 · Cited by 29
Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal II: Anhedonia—A Systematic Review
Hughes, J. R., Klemperer, E. M., & Peasley‐Miklus, C. (2018) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty171 · Cited by 23
Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Piasecki, T. M., Gallagher, M. W., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.007 · Cited by 24
Vidrine, J. I., Vidrine, D. J., Costello, T. J., Mazas, C. A., Cofta-Woerpel, L. M., Mejia, L. M., & Wetter, D. W. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp128 · Cited by 22
McCaul, M. E., Wand, G. S., Kuwabara, H., Dannals, R. F., Wong, D. F., & Xu, X. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz080 · Cited by 24
Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal III: Reduced Positive Affect—A Review and Meta-analysis
Klemperer, E. M., Hughes, J. R., Peasley‐Miklus, C., CALLAS, P. W., Cook, J. W., Streck, J. M., & Morley, N. E. (2020) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa044 · Cited by 22
Psychiatric diagnoses among quitters versus continuing smokers 3 years after their quit day
Piper, M. E., Rodock, M., Cook, J. W., Schlam, T. R., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.023 · Cited by 20
Acute cigarette smoking reduces latencies on a Smoking Stroop test
Canamar, C. P., & London, E. D. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.017 · Cited by 18
“…Stroop tasks (Domier et al., 2007; Pomerleau, Teuscher, Goeters, & Pomerleau, 1994), and of assessments of sustained attention in smokers (Hendricks et al., 2006; Wesnes & Warburton, 1983; Hatsukami, Fletcher, Morgan, Keenan, & Amble, 1989; Sacco et al., 2005; Dawkins, Powell, West,…”
Neural correlates of performance monitoring in daily and intermittent smokers
Rass, O., Fridberg, D. J., & O’Donnell, B. F. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.12.001 · Cited by 21
“WSWS = Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale revised; FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; NDSS = Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale.”
Cortical activity differs during nicotine deprivation versus satiation in heavy smokers
Evans, D. E., Sutton, S. K., Oliver, J. A., et al. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3821-x · Cited by 19
“Withdrawal Nicotine-dependent smokers exhibit withdrawal symptoms within 30 min of smoking (Hendricks et al. 2006), including deficits in cognitive control relevant to daily functioning (Evans et al. 2013a; Waters et al. 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmall effects of smoking on visual spatiotemporal processing
Kunchulia, M., Pilz, K. S., & Herzog, M. H. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07316 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Hendricks, P. S., Ditre, J. W., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hendricks, Peter S.
- Brandon, Thomas H.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2006-06-03
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 385-396
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2067874550
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Florida
- University of South Florida
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA094256)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, nicotine dependence, resting heart rate, sustained attention, emotional Stroop task, tobacco dependence treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Time Factors, Smoking Cessation
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