Effect of social stress during acute nicotine abstinence
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Relapse to smoking is often precipitated by stress, yet little is known about the effects of nicotine withdrawal on responses to acute stress, or whether nicotine replacement reverses withdrawal-induced changes in stress response.Objectives The aim of the present study is to use an effective social stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), to study subjective, cardiovascular and hormonal responses to stress during withdrawal, and examine whether nicotine replacement moderates responses to stress during withdrawal.Methods Forty-nine current regular smokers were randomly assigned to smoke as normal (SM), 12-h abstention with placebo patch (PL), or 12-h abstention with nicotine patch (NIC). They participated in a single session using the TSST, during which subjective affect, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and salivary cortisol were measured.Results The TSST produced expected increases in subjective negative affect, HR, MAP, and cortisol. Groups did not differ in subjective or cardiovascular responses, but the PL group exhibited larger stress-induced increase in cortisol than the other groups.Conclusions The increased cortisol response might indicate a greater hormonal stress response during nicotine withdrawal. Alternatively, considering that cortisol also provides negative feedback to the stress system, and blunted cortisol responses are predictive of smoking relapse, the lower cortisol responses in the NIC and SM groups might indicate chronic dysregulation of the stress system. In this case, restoration of cortisol response by nicotine treatment to the lower levels seen during regular smoking may actually represent an undesired side effect of nicotine replacement.
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Consuming high sugar beverages, smoking, and alcohol intake can dampen the physiological stress response in the short run, but are clearly damaging to health if maintained over the lifespan.
“For example, consuming high sugar beverages (Tryon et al., 2015), smoking (Wardle et al., 2011) and alcohol intake (Stephens and Wand, 2012) can dampen the physiological stress response in the short run, but are clearly damaging to health if maintained over the lifespan.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Wardle et al., 2011
The Results (Hormonal; page unavailable) report a larger stress-induced cortisol increase in abstinent smokers given placebo than in smokers who continued smoking, supporting a short-term difference in hormonal stress response. The paper found no group difference in cardiovascular stress responses, and it does not establish the citing sentence’s claim about health damage over the lifespan. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
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- Authors
- Wardle, M. C., Munafò, M. R., & de Wit, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Wardle, Margaret C.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2011-01-15
- Volume
- 218
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-48
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC3094594
- OpenAlex
- W2028738774
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007489/1)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA002812)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- nicotine withdrawal, social stress, Trier Social Stress Test, nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine patch, cortisol response, heart rate, blood pressure, smoking relapse, stress response, negative affect
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Blood Pressure, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Psychological Tests, Recurrence, Saliva, Smoking, Stress, Psychological, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation, Young Adult, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
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