Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters

Hughes, John R.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.689

Cited by 412Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters

Hughes, John R.·1992·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.689

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Abstract

Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.

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Withdrawal symptoms include difficulty concentrating, increased craving, depressed mood, and increased anxiety.
“These symptoms include difficulty concentrating, increased craving, depressed mood, and increased anxiety (Hughes, 1992(Hughes, , 2007)).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 1992
In humans, although most reports of anxiety occur during the first 24 hours, a return to baseline can take up to 4 weeks.
“In humans, although most reports of anxiety occur during the first 24 hours, a return to baseline can take up to 4 weeks (Hughes, 1992).”
From Activation of α4β2*/α6β2* nicotinic receptors alleviates anxiety during nicotine withdrawal without upregulating nicotinic receptors (2014) · cites this paper as Hughes, 1992

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Authors: Hughes, J. R.
Affiliations: University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author: Hughes, John R.
ORCID: Hughes, John R.
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992
Volume: 60
Issue: 5
Pages: 689-697
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.689
OpenAlex: W2047127806
Cited by: 412
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 5.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01hl039220-03)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL39220)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA00109)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: nicotine withdrawal, smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms, anxiety, depression, craving, recurrence prediction, weight gain, heart rate, self-reported symptoms, observer ratings
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Nicotine, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Smoking Cessation

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