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How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?
Abstract
Rationale The notion that stress leads to drug abuse in vulnerable individuals and relapse in addicts is not new. Most major theories of addiction postulate that stress plays an important role in increasing drug use and relapse. Several animal studies and some human laboratory studies have shown that stress exposure enhances drug self-administration. Although clinical observations suggest that exposure to stress increases drug use, and are associated with craving and relapse in addicts, human research in this area is largely correlational and at times contradictory.Objective Given the growing preclinical evidence that supports the key role of stress in substance abuse, careful examination of this research area in humans is warranted. This paper examines empirical evidence on how stress may increase the vulnerability to drug abuse, and explores whether chronic drug abuse alters the stress response and coping in addicts, thereby increasing the likelihood of drug seeking and relapse. Unanswered questions on the association between stress and substance abuse in humans are identified.Conclusion Preclinical research has shown that stress, in addition to drug itself, plays a key role in perpetuating drug abuse and relapse. However, the mechanisms underlying this association in humans remain unclear. A greater understanding of how stress may perpetuate drug abuse will likely have a significant impact on both prevention and treatment development in the field of addiction.
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“Inability to handle everyday stress leads to exacerbated physiological responses and is associated with the development and course of adverse long-term health outcomes, including a wide range of psychological disorders such as major depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders (Duffing et al., 2014;McEwen, 2008;Sinha, 2001).”
From Cortisol Response to Stress: The Role of Expectancy and Anticipatory Stress Regulation (2020) · cites this paper as Sinha, 2001
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sinha, R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sinha, Rajita
- ORCID
- Sinha, Rajita
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2001-12-01
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 343-359
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W1984346427
- Semantic Scholar
- 81996b4691a9c531758df882218ad0286494d73e
- Cited by
- 1,505
- References
- 259
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 13.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA009241, K12DA014038, DA14038, R01DA011077)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- stress, drug abuse, relapse, addiction, craving, self-administration, stress response, coping, chronic drug abuse, drug-seeking behavior, addiction prevention, addiction treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Adaptation, Psychological, Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Neural Pathways, Recurrence, Risk, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders
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