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Fatigue Microdamage as an Essential Element of Bone Mechanics and Biology
Abstract
The fossil record shows that bone remodeling has existed since the earliest large vertebrates became weight-bearing on land, but the functions of remodeling have long been debated. The principal protagonists in this debate have been those favoring a mechanical function and those asserting that remodeling serves to move calcium in and out of the skeleton. In recent years the arguments of the former school have included not only the adaptation of internal structure to specific kinds of stresses, but the need to remove fatigue damage. It has become clear that (1) physiologic strains continually produce fatigue damage in bone; (2) this damage weakens bone and is associated with both osteocyte apoptosis and the activation of remodeling; and (3) remodeling is the only means by which this damage can be removed. The significance of these observations is increased by the fact that fatigue failure is more likely in larger structures. This "volume effect," along with the advantages of enhanced mobility and metabolic efficiency, may have selected for bone remodeling as a means of controlling fatigue damage as it occurs, allowing larger vertebrates to maintain a relatively light skeleton over an extended lifetime. In this view, bone remodeling is not primarily a mechanism for calcium transport, but is intimately related to other inflammatory repair responses.
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“The presence of microdamage in bone was first reported by Frost (4) and is now recognized to be a normal consequence of physiologic loading (5).”
From Bone Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Diseased States (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, R. Bruce
- Venue
- Calcified Tissue International
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 101-107
- ISSN
- 0171-967X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0827
- OpenAlex
- W2084566277
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Calcified Tissue International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR 41644)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
- Keywords
- bone remodeling, fatigue damage, bone mechanics, osteocyte apoptosis, volume effect, calcium transport, bone regeneration, fossil vertebrates
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Bone and Bones, Calcium, Biological Evolution, Humans, Fractures, Stress, Bone Remodeling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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