Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin
Open accessAbstract
Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation. Melanin contributes to the ability of fungi to survive in harsh environments. In addition, it plays a role in fungal pathogenesis. Melanin is an amorphous polymer that is produced by one of two synthetic pathways. Fungi may synthesize melanin from endogenous substrate via a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate. Alternatively, some fungi produce melanin from L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa). The detailed chemical structure of melanin is not known. However, microscopic studies show that it has an overall granular structure. In fungi, melanin granules are localized to the cell wall where they are likely cross-linked to polysaccharides. Recent studies suggest the fungal melanin may be synthesized in internal vesicles akin to mammalian melanosomes and transported to the cell wall. Potential applications of melanin take advantage of melanin's radioprotective properties and propensity to bind to a variety of substances.
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Fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Basidiomycetes synthesize DOPA melanin through a biosynthetic pathway analogous to mammalian melanogenesis, utilizing L-DOPA as a substrate.
“Fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Basidiomycetes synthesize DOPA melanin through a biosynthetic pathway analogous to mammalian melanogenesis, utilizing L-DOPA as a substrate [17,18,19].”
From Fungal Melanin in Plant Pathogens: Complex Biosynthesis Pathways and Diverse Biological Functions (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The Melanin biosynthesis section says that some fungi use L-DOPA in a pathway resembling mammalian melanin biosynthesis. But it discusses Aspergillus niger in connection with the DHN-melanin pathway, not as an example of L-DOPA synthesis, and does not identify Basidiomycetes as a group using that pathway. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Cites
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“Experimental evidence suggests that fungal melanin can convert the energy of radiation to metabolically useful reducing power (Dadachova et al. 2007).”
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Theoretical Models of Eumelanin Protomolecules and their Optical Properties
Meng, S., & Kaxiras, E. (2008) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.121087 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Current models of melanin structure envision a structure with graphitic planar sheets of covalently linked aromatic molecules (Clancy and Simon 2001; Diaz et al. 2005; Meng and Kaxiras 2008).”
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Fungal Melanin in Plant Pathogens: Complex Biosynthesis Pathways and Diverse Biological Functions
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- Authors
- Eisenman, H. C., & Casadevall, A.
- Affiliations
- Baruch College (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eisenman, Helene C.
- ORCID
- Casadevall, Arturo
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2011-12-16
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 931-940
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- PMC
- PMC4318813
- OpenAlex
- W2108640886
- Cited by
- 711
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- City University of New York
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl059842-23, 5r01ai052733-16, 5r37ai033142-24)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-059842, R01-HL059842)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-033774, AI052733., R01AI033142, R37-AI033142, AI033142, R01-AI052733, R01AI033774)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- fungal melanin, melanogenesis, melanin granules, cell wall, fungal pathogenesis, stress defense, radiation protection
- MeSH terms
- Cell Wall, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fungi, Melanins, Melanosomes, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
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