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AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons
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“AIC-based stepwise model selection was performed to select the best-fitting model and to diminish overfitting and favoring a more parsimonious model (Burnham et al., 2011).”
From Perceived restorativeness and environment quality in relation to well-being, residential satisfaction, and sense of community: an analysis in Northeast Italy (2025) · cites this paper as Burnham et al., 2011
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Demography and viability of the largest population of greater one-horned rhinoceros in Nepal
Subedi, N., Lamichhane, B. R., Amin, R., Jnawali, S. R., & Jhala, Y. V. (2017) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.11.008 · Cited by 39
Liu, X., Chen, F., Lyu, S., Sun, D., & Zhou, S. (2018) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.3749 · Cited by 35
García, N. C., & Tubaro, P. L. (2018) · The Auk · doi:10.1642/auk-17-146.1 · Cited by 35
“Following Burnham et al. (2011), we also calculated the differences of each compared model with the one with lowest AICc value (DAICc) and considered the ones with DAICc , 6 as competing models.”
MethodMicrobial Modulators and Mechanisms of Soil Carbon Storage
Trivedi, P., Wallenstein, M. D., Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., & Singh, B. K. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812766-7.00003-2 · Cited by 35
Dube, W. C., Hund, A. K., Turbek, S. P., & Safran, R. J. (2018) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.07.007 · Cited by 35
“ranking models to find the best fit, and thus helps to prevent overfitting of models with multiple fixed effects (Burnham et al., 2011; Aho et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSun, Y., Wang, C., Xu, X., & Ruan, H. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124865 · Cited by 34
Zhang, L., Zhu, T., Liu, X., Nie, M., Xu, X., & Zhou, S. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137270 · Cited by 35
Crop Resilience to Drought With and Without Response Diversity
Elsalahy, H. H., Bellingrath‐Kimura, S. D., Roß, C., Kautz, T., & Döring, T. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00721 · Cited by 35
Foraging ecology of the common dolphin Delphinus delphis revealed by stable isotope analysis
Peters, K., Bury, S., Betty, E. L., Parra, G. J., Tezanos‐Pinto, G., & Stockin, K. A. (2020) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps13482 · Cited by 35
O’Connor, R. S., Pogam, A. L., Young, K. G., Robitaille, F., Choy, E. S., Love, O. P., Elliott, K. H., Hargreaves, A. L., Berteaux, D., Tam, A., et al. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7141 · Cited by 32
“Models with an Akaike information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc) less than 8 (i.e., ∆AICc 8) were considered to fit the data equally well (Burnham et al., 2011).”
Methodde Souza, C. R., Maia, V. A., de Aguiar‐Campos, N., Santos, A. B. M., Rodrigues, A. F., Farrapo, C. L., Gianasi, F. M., de Paula, G. G. P., Fagundes, N. C. A., Silva, W. B., et al. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119043 · Cited by 35
Geppert, C., Boscutti, F., Bella, G. L., Marchi, V. D., Corcos, D., Filippi, A., & Marini, L. (2021) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.14097 · Cited by 35
“Multi- model inference analyses were performed with the MuMIn package (Barton & Barton, 2015; Burnham et al., 2011).”
MethodOswald, K. N., Smit, B., Lee, A. T., Peng, C. L., Brock, C., & Cunningham, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/jav.02756 · Cited by 37
“These sublethal costs can include the additive and interactive effects of daily adult body mass (Mb) loss (du Plessis et al. 2012), interannual adult Mb loss (Lee et al. 2020) and reduced nestling growth rates (Catry et al. 2015, van de Ven et al. 2020).”
BackgroundKienle, S. S., Friedlaender, A. S., Crocker, D. E., Mehta, R. S., & da Costa, D. P. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210522 · Cited by 35
Peterson, S. H., McHuron, E. A., Kennedy, S. N., Ackerman, J. T., Rea, L. D., Castellini, J. M., O’Hara, T. M., & da Costa, D. P. (2015) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-015-0174-3 · Cited by 35
Temporal Epidemiology of Sudden Oak Death in Oregon
Peterson, E. K., Hansen, E. M., & Kanaskie, A. (2015) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto-12-14-0348-fi · Cited by 35
Climate impact on Italian fisheries (Mediterranean Sea)
Fortibuoni, T., Aldighieri, F., Giovanardi, O., Pranovi, F., & Zucchetta, M. (2015) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0781-6 · Cited by 35
“…were carried out on an averaged model, built computing the weighted averages parameters for each independent variable, using AICc weights (WAICc) (Burnham and Anderson 2002, Burnham et al. 2011) and considering the set of models whose cumulative weights (WAICc) represent 95 % of the total ensemble.”
MethodEarl, J. E., & Semlitsch, R. D. (2013) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/12-1235.1 · Cited by 35
“models may be useful (Burnham et al. 2011).”
Stenson, G. B., Buren, A. D., & Koen‐Alonso, M. (2015) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv202 · Cited by 35
Yalcin, S., & Leroux, S. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14169 · Cited by 34
Free housing for declining populations: Optimizing the provision of artificial breeding structures
D’Amico, M., Tablado, Z., Revilla, E., & Palomares, F. (2014) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2014.03.006 · Cited by 34
Schmutz, J. A., Wright, K. G., DeSorbo, C. R., Fair, J., Evers, D. C., Uher‐Koch, B. D., & Mulcahy, D. M. (2014) · Waterbirds · doi:10.1675/063.037.sp108 · Cited by 34
The patterns and modes of the evolution of disparity in Mesozoic birds
Wang, M., Lloyd, G. T., Zhang, C., & Zhou, Z. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.3105 · Cited by 32
“The five models—stasis (a null model describing time-invariant change in disparity), Brownian motion, trend, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck with one optimum, and the early burst models [36]—are compared using the sample-size-corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) and Akaike weights [37].”
MethodMotives driving gaze and walking decisions
Domínguez-Zamora, F. J., & Marigold, D. S. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.069 · Cited by 34
An intentional cohesion call in male chimpanzees of Budongo Forest
Bouchard, A. L., & Zuberbühler, K. (2022) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-022-01597-6 · Cited by 34
Huang, J., Xia, Z., & Liu, L. (2024) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101666 · Cited by 34
Pokharel, K., Ludwig, T., & Storch, I. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117917 · Cited by 28
“The AIC-IT approach compares different models that are based on a-priori formulated hypotheses about the focal species [38].”
MethodZamora, D. M. B., Menes, M., Torres, N., Zúñiga, C., Sosa, W., de Abrego, V. C., & Monroy, M. C. (2015) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0596 · Cited by 34
“the data; a model with a weight close to one can be considered the “best” model among those considered.(39) When high uncertainty was detected (no model with weight = 1), weighted model parameter estimates were calculated using”
MethodCowie, C. E., Marreos, N., Gortázar, C., Jaroso, R., White, P. C. L., & Balseiro, A. (2014) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.002 · Cited by 34
“Information theoretic analysis generates a set of models made from different combinations of the terms in a ‘global model’, containing all the variables of interest (Burnham et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHousing induced mood modulates reactions to emotional stimuli in sheep
Reefmann, N., Muehlemann, T., Wechsler, B., & Gygax, L. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.12.007 · Cited by 36
“We used AICc values to compare the model with the interaction between test situation and mood group with the main effects model, with the model including mood group only, the model including test situation only and the model including a constant (intercept) only (Burnham et al., 2011; Dochtermann and Jenkins, 2011).”
MethodMeasurement and Correlation of the Solubility for Camptothecine in Different Organic Solvents
Zhi, J., Liu, Q., Li, T., & Ren, B. (2016) · Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data · doi:10.1021/acs.jced.5b00994 · Cited by 34
Johnson, M. A., Clark, J. R., Wagner, W. L., & McDade, L. A. (2017) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.004 · Cited by 34
Gerwing, T. G., Cox, K., Gerwing, A. M. A., Carr‐Harris, C., Dudas, S. E., & Juanes, F. (2017) · International Journal of Sediment Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijsrc.2017.09.001 · Cited by 34
“DO and Eh conditions were analyzed separately, and for each response variable seven models, selected a priori, were evaluated using the Information Theoretic Model Selection Approach (Burnham & Anderson, 2001; Burnham et al., 2011).”
MethodThe Impact of Workaholism on Nurses’ Burnout and Disillusion
Nonnis, M., Massidda, D., Cuccu, S., & Cortese, C. G. (2018) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101811010077 · Cited by 36
“[51, 52], and Vrieze [53] for further details).”
Substrate identity and amount overwhelm temperature effects on soil carbon formation
Oldfield, E. E., Crowther, T. W., & Bradford, M. A. (2018) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.06.014 · Cited by 35
Microcystin concentrations can be predicted with phytoplankton biomass and watershed morphology
Hayes, N. M., & Vanni, M. J. (2018) · Inland Waters · doi:10.1080/20442041.2018.1446408 · Cited by 36
“In this case, the simpler model (fewer variables) was selected as the best fit model (Burnham et al. 2010).”
MethodSoil drivers of local‐scale tree growth in a lowland tropical forest
Zemunik, G., Davies, S. J., & Turner, B. L. (2018) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2532 · Cited by 34
Nest box selection and reproduction of European Rollers in Central Italy: a 7-year study
Monti, F., Nelli, L., Catoni, C., & Dell’Omo, G. (2019) · Avian Research · doi:10.1186/s40657-019-0150-0 · Cited by 34
Robinson, B. W., Booms, T. L., Bechard, M. J., & Anderson, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Raptor Research · doi:10.3356/jrr-15-58 · Cited by 34
“We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate models and to test parameter support against the intercept-only model (Burnham et al. 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationZhu, A., Hong, K., Zhu, F., Dai, B., Ji-ming, X., & Zhao, W. (2019) · Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data · doi:10.1021/acs.jced.9b00229 · Cited by 34
Sea wrack delivery and accumulation on islands: factors that mediate marine nutrient permeability
Wickham, S. B., Shackelford, N., Darimont, C. T., Nijland, W., Reshitnyk, L., Reynolds, J., & Starzomski, B. M. (2019) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps13197 · Cited by 34
Characterizing the temperature and precipitation covariability over Canada
Singh, H., Pirani, F. J., & Najafi, M. R. (2019) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-019-03062-w · Cited by 35
Sowing date, genotype choice, and water environment control soybean yields in central Argentina
Vitantonio‐Mazzini, L. N., Gómez, D. R., Gambín, B. L., Mauro, G. D., Iglesias, R., Costanzi, J., Jobbagy, E. G., & Borrás, L. (2020) · Crop Science · doi:10.1002/csc2.20315 · Cited by 34
Jeliński, T., Bugalska, N., Koszucka, K., Przybyłek, M., & Cysewski, P. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114342 · Cited by 34
The role of Weber’s law in human time perception
Haigh, A., Apthorp, D., & Bizo, L. A. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-020-02128-6 · Cited by 34
“The magnitude of the AICc differences between these two models for both the mean PSF and the individual PSFs are high enough to conclude that the hypothesis that the Bizo et al. model would give a better fit to the data has no empirical support (Burnham et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBalasubramaniam, K. N., Marty, P. R., Samartino, S., Sobrino, A., Gill, T., Ismail, M., Saha, R., Beisner, B. A., Kaburu, S., Bliss‐Moreau, E., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78881-3 · Cited by 33
Ponton, D. E., Lavoie, R. A., Leclerc, M., Bilodeau, F., Planas, D., & Amyot, M. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c07015 · Cited by 34
Female blue tits sing frequently: a sex comparison of occurrence, context, and structure of song
Sierro, J., de Kort, S. D., Riebel, K., & Hartley, I. (2022) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arac044 · Cited by 25
“We used the relative importance of each factor in the final model together with the coefficients and estimated confidence intervals (CIs) with a threshold of 95% (Nakagawa and Cuthill 2007; Burnham et al. 2011), concluding there was a significant effect if the CI did not overlap with zero.”
Octodon degus kin and social structure
Davis, G. T., Vásquez, R. A., Poulin, É., Oda, E., Bazán-León, E. A., Ebensperger, L. A., & Hayes, L. D. (2015) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv182 · Cited by 34
“Each possible combination of factors and interactions was tested and models with ∆AIC < 7 were considered to be well supported (Burnham et al. 2011).”
MethodImportance of wave and current exposure to fauna communities in Laminaria hyperborea kelp forests
Norderhaug, K. M., Christie, H., Rinde, E., Gundersen, H., & Bekkby, T. (2014) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10754 · Cited by 34
Curran, M. P., Kiteme, B., Wünscher, T., Koellner, T., & Hellweg, S. (2016) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.016 · Cited by 34
Wind energy production in forests conflicts with tree-roosting bats
Reusch, C., Paul, A. A., Fritze, M., Kramer‐Schadt, S., & Voigt, C. C. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.050 · Cited by 33
Pirtskhalava-Karpova, N., Trubin, A., Karpov, A., & Jakuš, R. (2024) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121666 · Cited by 33
Assessing ecological habitat structure from local to landscape scales using synthetic aperture radar
Betbeder, J., Hubert‐Moy, L., Burel, F., Corgne, S., & Baudry, J. (2015) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.009 · Cited by 33
“W performed a model selection based on the comparison of the values of the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) (Burnham et al. 2011) and adjusted r-squared to test the effcts of hedgerow network structure and internal hedgerow structure at different scales on carabid beetle abundance.”
MethodEnvironmental control of community organisation on ocean-exposed sandy beaches
Schlacher, T. A., & Thompson, L. M. C. (2013) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf12172 · Cited by 33
“The primary criterion to evaluate the ‘performance’ of models was the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) based on all possible combinations of environmental variables used in model building (Burnham et al. 2011; Symonds and Moussalli 2011).”
MethodDeterminants of yearling male lekking effort and mating success in black grouse (Tetrao tetrix)
Kervinen, M., Alatalo, R. V., Lebigre, C., Siitari, H., & Soulsbury, C. D. (2012) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/ars104 · Cited by 33
“Currently, there is no consensus about the optimal cutoff point for model rejection (Burnham and Anderson 2002; Richards 2005, 2008; Bolker et al. 2009; Burnham et al. 2011; Richards et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMilcu, A., Eugster, W., Bachmann, D., Guderle, M., Roscher, C., Gockele, A., Landais, D., Ravel, O., Geßler, A., Lange, M., et al. (2016) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-1110.1 · Cited by 33
Shifts in historical streamflow extremes in the Colorado River Basin
Solander, K. C., Bennett, K. E., & Middleton, R. S. (2017) · Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.05.004 · Cited by 33
Haas, S. E., Reeves, M. K., Pinkney, A. E., & Johnson, P. T. J. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13908 · Cited by 33
McNutt, J. W., Stein, A. B., Boggs, L. P., & Jordan, N. R. (2017) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr16160 · Cited by 33
“9 and somemodels had deviance in theAIC of <7 units (Burnham et al. 2011; Grueber et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnvironmental drivers of harbour porpoise fine-scale movements
van Beest, F. M., Teilmann, J., Dietz, R., Galatius, A., Mikkelsen, L., Stalder, D., Sveegaard, S., & Nabe‐Nielsen, J. (2018) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-018-3346-7 · Cited by 33
Do avian blood parasites influence hypoxia physiology in a high elevation environment?
Ishtiaq, F., & Barve, S. (2018) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-018-0171-2 · Cited by 33
“We used a model-averaging approach to check the validity of the top-ranking model in each case, only including models with ΔAICc 2 [49].”
InfluentialLarge river habitat complexity and productivity of Puget Sound Chinook salmon
Hall, J. E., Greene, C. M., Stefankiv, O., Anderson, J. H., Timpane-Padgham, B., Beechie, T. J., & Pess, G. R. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205127 · Cited by 33
Persistence of fire-killed conifer snags in California, USA
Grayson, L. M., Cluck, D. R., & Hood, S. M. (2019) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-018-0007-7 · Cited by 33
“Terms were thus selected from these full equations using both a backward and a stepwise AIC procedure until the difference in AIC of the simpler model and the full model fell to less than 7 (Anderson and Burnham 2002; Burnham et al. 2011).”
MethodEnvironmental drivers of humpback whale foraging behavior in the remote Southern Ocean
Riekkola, L., Andrews-Goff, V. L., Friedlaender, A. S., Constantine, R., & Zerbini, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2019.05.008 · Cited by 33
A novel variable selection algorithm for multi-layer perceptron with elastic net
Zhang, F., Sun, K., & Wu, X. (2019) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2019.04.091 · Cited by 33
Datson, N., Weston, M., Drust, B., Gregson, W. A., & Lolli, L. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1656323 · Cited by 33
Mayer, M., Frank, S. C., Zedrosser, A., & Rosell, F. (2019) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13100 · Cited by 33
Development of a new multi-layer perceptron based soft sensor for SO2 emissions in power plant
Sun, K., Wu, X., Xue, J., & Ma, F. (2019) · Journal of Process Control · doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2019.10.007 · Cited by 33
Qiu, J., Huang, H., He, H. Z., Liu, H., Hu, S., Han, J., Yi, D., An, M., Guo, Y., & Wang, P. (2020) · Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data · doi:10.1021/acs.jced.0c00290 · Cited by 33
Prey availability and ambient temperature influence carrion persistence in the boreal forest
Peers, M. J. L., Konkolics, S. M., Lamb, C. T., Majchrzak, Y. N., Menzies, A. K., Studd, E. K., Boonstra, R., Kenney, A. J., Krebs, C. J., Martinig, A. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13275 · Cited by 33
Parveen, S., Jacobs, J. M., Ozbay, G., Chintapenta, L. K., Almuhaideb, E., Meredith, J., Ossai, S., Abbott, A., Grant, A., Brohawn, K., et al. (2020) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01581-20 · Cited by 33
“information criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc) (21), as described in”
MethodInfluentialVila-Viçosa, C. M., Arenas‐Castro, S., Marcos, B., Honrado, J. P., García, C., Pardo, F. M. V., Almeida, R., & Gonçalves, J. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9120735 · Cited by 33
“combined), we also calculated the Akaike information criterion (with finite sample size correction; AICc) for GLM’s allowing to rank models [72,73] while accounting for a different number of variables in each set (i.”
MethodCong, Y., Du, C., Wang, M., Jiang, Z., Xing, K., Bian, Y., & Wang, M. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116489 · Cited by 33
Borges, É. R., Dexter, K. G., Pyles, M. V., Bueno, M. L., dos Santos, R. M., Fontes, M. A. L., & Carvalho, F. A. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107915 · Cited by 35
“We evaluated model performance based on AICc and considered as equally supported the set of models with Δ AICc ≤ 2 via multimodel inference (Burnham et al., 2011; Burnham and Anderson, 2002).”
Lei, W., Masero, J. A., Dingle, C., Liu, Y., Chai, Z., Zhu, B., Peng, H., Zhang, Z., & Piersma, T. (2021) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12717 · Cited by 33
Landscape composition drives the impacts of artificial light at night on insectivorous bats
Barré, K., Vernet, A., Azam, C., Viol, I. L., Dumont, A., Deana, T., Vincent, S., Challéat, S., & Kerbiriou, C. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118394 · Cited by 33
Matos, F. A. R., Edwards, D. P., Magnago, L. F. S., Heringer, G., Neri, A. V., Buttschardt, T. K., Zenni, R. D., de Menezes, L. F. T., Saiter, F. Z., Schaefer, C. E. G. R., et al. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0072 · Cited by 33
“We used multi-model inference and an information-theoretic approach to assess the effect of exploratory variables on carbon stock [69].”
MethodRoy, M. L., Roy, A. G., Grant, J. W. A., & Bergeron, N. É. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2012-0274 · Cited by 33
Management Forcing Increased Specialization in a Fishery System
Hentati‐Sundberg, J., Hjelm, J., Boonstra, W. J., & Österblom, H. (2014) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-014-9811-3 · Cited by 33
Binocular fusion, suppression and diplopia for blurred edges
Georgeson, M. A., & Wallis, S. A. (2014) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.12108 · Cited by 33
Tunney, T. D., McCann, K. S., Jarvis, L., Lester, N. P., & Shuter, B. J. (2018) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-017-4049-3 · Cited by 33
“The sum of weights from single variable models and multiple variable models were also compared (Burnham and Anderson 2002; Arnold 2010; Burnham et al. 2011).”
MethodAge-related parental care in a long-lived bird: implications for offspring development
Ortega, S., Sánchez-Macouzet, O., Urrutia, A., Rodríguez, C., & Drummond, H. M. (2017) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-017-2364-7 · Cited by 32
“avg function to average models within a 95% confidence interval (CI) (Burnham et al. 2011) in MuMIn package (Bartón 2016) and confint function to calculate the CI of each parameter.”
MethodSpirito, F., Rowland, M. M., Nielson, R. M., Wisdom, M. J., & Tabeni, S. (2017) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx106 · Cited by 32
Stand dieback and collapse in a temperate forest and its impact on forest structure and biodiversity
Martin, P. A., Newton, A. C., Cantarello, E., & Evans, P. M. (2015) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.033 · Cited by 32
Cannon, A. J. (2015) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.4263 · Cited by 32
“Finally, because of the additional nonlinear models evaluated in this study, as well as the non-nested nature of some of the comparisons, the strength of evidence approach recommended by Burnham et al. (2011) is used to assess the relative performance of the different candidate models.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVallejo, G., Herrero, E. T., Núñez, J. C., & Rosário, P. J. S. L. F. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1697-2600(14)70036-5 · Cited by 32
Short-term effects of tagging on activity and movement patterns of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber)
Graf, P. M., Hochreiter, J., Hackländer, K., Wilson, R. P., & Rosell, F. (2016) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-016-1051-8 · Cited by 32
Mayer, M., Zedrosser, A., & Rosell, F. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15540-0 · Cited by 32
Eavesdropping avoidance and sound propagation: the acoustic structure of soft song
Vargas-Castro, L. E., Sandoval, L., & Searcy, W. A. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.008 · Cited by 32
Calls during agonistic interactions vary with arousal and raise audience attention in ravens
Szipl, G., Ringler, E., Spreafico, M., & Bugnyar, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/s12983-017-0244-7 · Cited by 32
“5/ΔAICc)) and Akaike weight (relative likelihood/sum of all relative likelihoods) were computed [49].”
MethodPopulation structured by witchcraft beliefs
Mace, R. H., Thomas, M. G., Wu, J., He, Q., Ji, T., & Tao, Y. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0271-6 · Cited by 36
von Takach, B., Lindenmayer, D. B., & Banks, S. C. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.01.014 · Cited by 31
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Grazing Systems in Semi-Arid Rangelands of Central Argentina
Nieto, M., Barrantes, O., Privitello, L., & Reiné, R. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10114228 · Cited by 33
“Models 5’–8’ had relatively little empirical support (∆AICc > 11) [49] and were dismissed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRegulation of lead fishing weights results in mute swan population recovery
Wood, K. A., Brown, M. J., Cromie, R., Hilton, G. M., Mackenzie, C., Newth, J. L., Pain, D. J., Perrins, C. M., & Rees, E. C. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.12.010 · Cited by 32
Altitudinal gradients fail to predict fungal symbiont responses to warming
Kazenel, M. R., Kivlin, S. N., Taylor, D. L., Lynn, J. S., & Rudgers, J. A. (2019) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2740 · Cited by 32
Regional scientific research benefits threatened-species conservation
Hu, Y., Luo, Z., Chapman, C. A., Pimm, S. L., Turvey, S. T., Lawes, M. J., Peres, C. A., Lee, T. M., & Fan, P. (2018) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz090 · Cited by 32
Abdalla, H., Adam, R., Aharonian, F., Benkhali, F. A., Angüner, E. O., Arcaro, C., Armand, C., Armstrong, T. P., Ashkar, H., Backes, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038949 · Cited by 32
Short-term impacts of daily feeding on the residency, distribution and energy expenditure of sharks
Heinrich, D. D. U., Dhellemmes, F., Guttridge, T. L., Smukall, M. J., Brown, C., Rummer, J. L., Gruber, S. H., & Huveneers, C. P. M. (2020) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.002 · Cited by 32
Plant diversity promotes soil fungal pathogen richness under fertilization in an alpine meadow
Liu, X., Zhang, L., Huang, M., & Zhou, S. (2020) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtaa099 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R., & Huyvaert, K. P.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burnham, Kenneth P.
- ORCID
- Huyvaert, Kathryn P.
- Venue
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
- Published
- 2010-08-18
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-35
- ISSN
- 0340-5443 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0762
- OpenAlex
- W2096650374
- Semantic Scholar
- 33e08c84858e01d75d94592e03272dd4073316ff
- Cited by
- 4,104
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 228 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 327 · 2023: 365 · 2022: 358 · 2021: 434 · 2020: 404 · 2019: 335 · 2018: 340 · 2017: 251 · 2016: 239 · 2015: 192 · 2014: 154 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 44.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Colorado State University
- Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- AIC model selection, multi-model inference, alternative hypothesis, hypothesis testing, behavioral ecology, statistical inference, probability models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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