Iodine Intake as a Risk Factor for BRAF Mutations in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients from an Iodine-Replete Area
Abstract
Purpose Both deficient and excessive iodine intake leads to thyroid disease, which shows U-shaped curves. Our previous study showed that a relatively low [urinary iodine concentration (UIC) <300 μg/L] and extremely excessive (UIC ≥ 2500 μg/L) iodine intake were associated with thyroid cancer in Korea, an iodine-replete area. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for more than 97 % of thyroid cancer and 80% or more PTC cases harbor the BRAF mutation in Korea. We aimed to investigate the relationship between iodine intake and the prevalence of the BRAF mutation in PTC in Korea.Methods UIC was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The BRAF mutation was detected using both allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and mutant enrichment with 3'-modified oligonucleotide sequencing. Risk factors for the occurrence of BRAF mutations in PTC were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models.Results The median UIC in all patients with PTC was 287 μg/L (range from 7 to 7, 426 μg/L). Nearly half of the patients (102/215, 47%) belonged to the excessive iodine intake category (UIC ≥ 300 μg/L) according to the WHO iodine recommendations. The frequency of BRAF mutations was lowest in the 300-499 μg/L UIC group; it was significantly different compared to the relatively low (UIC < 300 μg/L) and more than excessive (UIC ≥ 500 μg/L) iodine intake groups. UIC was an independent predictor for BRAF mutations in PTC. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) in the relatively low and more than excessive iodine intake groups for the BRAF mutation were 4.761 (1.764-12.850) and 6.240 (2.080-18.726), respectively, compared to the 300-499 μg/L UIC group.Conclusion Relatively low iodine intake and more than excessive iodine intake seem to be significant risk factors for the occurrence of BRAF mutations in the thyroid and, therefore, may be risk factors for the development of PTC in an iodine-replete area.
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Consumers exposed to excessive amounts of iodine may be at increased risk of thyroid cancer.
“In addition, consumers exposed to excessive amounts of iodine may be at increased risk of thyroid cancer [79,80].”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
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“Regarding this aspect, the geographical and nutritional background of our population— characterized by past chronic iodine deficiency—might account for the lower-than-expected rate of classic MAPK pathway drivers, which are reported to be more frequent in iodine-sufficient areas [27].”
- Authors
- Kim, H. J., Park, H. K., Byun, D. W., Suh, K., Yoo, M. H., Min, Y.-K., Kim, S. W., & Chung, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Soonchunhyang University (KR)
- Samsung Medical Center (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Jae Hoon
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2017-03-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 809-815
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- OpenAlex
- W2593500026
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Korean Foundation for Cancer Research (CB-2011-03-02)
- Soonchunhyang University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- iodine intake, BRAF mutation, papillary thyroid carcinoma, urinary iodine, iodine excess, iodine deficiency, thyroid cancer risk factors, U-shaped curve
- MeSH terms
- Academic Medical Centers, Thyroid Cancer, Papillary, Adult, Aged, Carcinoma, Papillary, Deficiency Diseases, Diet, Female, Humans, Iodine, Male, Mutation, Neoplasm Staging, Nutritional Status, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Neoplasms, Incidence, Health Transition, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf, Nutrigenomics, Seoul
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