Activation of Gastrointestinal Ileal Brake Response with Dietary Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates, with No Observed Effect on Subjective Appetite, in an Acute Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that oral ingestion of slowly digestible carbohydrates (SDCs) that reach the ileum triggers the ileal brake as indicated by delayed gastric emptying, reduced glycemic response, and decreased subjective appetite. Methods The study was a five-arm, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial with a 1-week washout period between treatments (n = 20; 9 females, 11 males). Five treatments consisted of three SDC ingredients [raw corn starch, isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO), sucromalt], and an IMO/sucromalt combination, shown in vitro to have slow and extended digestion profiles, and a rapidly digestible carbohydrate control (maltodextrin). Carbohydrates (26 g) were incorporated into yogurt [300 g total; carbohydrate (~ 77 g), fat (~ 0.2 g), and protein (~ 9 g)] with closely matched energy content (346 kcal) and viscosity (~ 30,000 cP). Outcomes were measured in a 4 h postprandial period. Results Mean gastric half-emptying times were moderately though significantly increased for the raw corn starch and IMO treatments (P 3.5 h (P = 0.02). No significant differences in appetite ratings were observed. Conclusion SDCs caused slower gastric emptying rate through activation of the ileal brake, as closely matched semi-solid yogurts were used and only rate of carbohydrate digestion differed. Extending glycemic response through consumption of SDCs was associated with triggering the ileal brake. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03630445, August 2018, retrospec…
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Altered gastrointestinal anatomy promotes rapid transit of nutrients into the small intestine, where there is a higher density of L-cells responsible for producing incretin hormones.
“Altered gastrointestinal anatomy promotes rapid transit of nutrients into the small intestine, where there is a higher density of L-cells responsible for producing incretin hormones [50,51].”
From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
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Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults
Looi, E., & Lawler, H. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14134393 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Altered gastrointestinal anatomy promotes rapid transit of nutrients into the small intestine, where there is a higher density of L-cells responsible for producing incretin hormones [50,51].”
- Authors
- Chegeni, M., Hayes, A. M. R., Gonzalez, T. D., Manderfeld, M. M., Lim, J., Menon, R. S., Holschuh, N. M., Hedges, M. E., & Hamaker, B. R.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- General Mills (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hamaker, Bruce R.
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2022-01-26
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1965-1980
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- OpenAlex
- W4210316434
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- ileal brake, gastric emptying, glycemic response, subjective appetite, isomaltooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, yogurt, postprandial blood glucose, gut-brain signaling
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Ileum, Male, Starch, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period
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