Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis
Abstract
Food intake, energy expenditure and body adiposity are homeostatically regulated. Central and peripheral signals communicate information about the current state of energy balance to key brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem. Hunger and satiety represent coordinated responses to these signals, which include neural and hormonal messages from the gut. In recent years our understanding of how neural and hormonal brain-gut signalling regulates energy homeostasis has advanced considerably. Gut hormones have various physiological functions that include specifically targeting the brain to regulate appetite. New research suggests that gut hormones can be used to specifically regulate energy homeostasis in humans, and offer a target for anti-obesity drugs.
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The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional communication system connected via neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways, initially recognized for regulating digestive function and food intake.
“The gut–brain axis, connected via neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways, is a bi-directional communication system that is initially recognized for its role in regulating digestive function and food intake [33,34].”
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- Authors
- Murphy, K. G., & Bloom, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 444
- Issue
- 7121
- Pages
- 854-859
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2078060668
- Cited by
- 778
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal hormones, energy homeostasis, appetite regulation, hunger and satiety, hypothalamus, brainstem, dietary intake, energy expenditure, adiposity, anti-obesity drugs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetite Regulation, Digestive System, Energy Metabolism, Homeostasis, Hormones, Humans
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