Estimating relative physical workload using heart rate monitoring: A validation by whole-body indirect calorimetry
Abstract
Measuring physical workload in occupational medicine is fundamental for risk prevention. An indirect measurement of total and relative energy expenditure (EE) from heart rate (HR) is widely used but it has never been validated. The aim of this study was to validate this HR-estimated energy expenditure (HREEE) method against whole-body indirect calorimetry. Twenty-four-hour HR and EE values were recorded continuously in a calorimetric chambers for 52 adult males and females (19-65 years). An 8-h working period was retained, comprising several exercise sessions on a cycloergometer at intensities up to 65% of the peak rate of oxygen uptake. HREEE was calculated with reference to cardiac reserve. A corrected HREEE (CHREEE) was also calculated with a modification to the lowest value of cardiac reserve. Both values were further compared to established methods: the flex-HR method, and the use of a 3rd order polynomial relationship to estimate total and relative EE. No significant difference was found in total EE when measured in a calorimetric chamber or estimated from CHREEE for the working period. A perfect linear and identity relationship was found between CHREEE and energy reserve values for intensities ranging from 15% to 65%. Relative physical workload can be accurately assessed from HR recordings when expressed in CHREEE between 15% to 65%, and EE can be accurately estimated using the CHREEE method.
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Intensity-linked improvements are modest rather than decisive, but suggest that PPG systems may perform comparatively better when stroke volume and pulsatility increase.
“We therefore interpret intensity-linked improvements as modest rather than decisive, but they do suggest that PPG systems may perform comparatively better when stroke volume and pulsatility increase [2,29].”
From PPG-Based Heart Rate Accuracy in Hispanic Adults with Fitzpatrick III–V Skin Tones: An Evaluation of Body Composition and Skin-Tone Effects (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Garet, M., Boudet, G., Montaurier, C., Vermorel, M., Coudert, J., & Chamoux, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne (FR)
- Université Clermont Auvergne (FR)
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (FR)
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Garet, Martin
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2004-12-18
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 46-53
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2075751524
- Semantic Scholar
- a42fa8dc56ff3889db5329993b5f2bf3645364db
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety Management
- Keywords
- heart rate monitoring, energy expenditure estimation, validation, cardiac reserve, occupational physical workload, working period, oxygen consumption
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Calorimetry, Indirect, Computer Simulation, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Motor Activity, Sensitivity and Specificity, Statistics as Topic, Task Performance and Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Workload
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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