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Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure
Open accessAbstract
Purpose To describe the acute and delayed time course of recovery following resistance training (RT) protocols differing in the number of repetitions (R) performed in each set (S) out of the maximum possible number (P).Methods Ten resistance-trained men undertook three RT protocols [S × R(P)]: (1) 3 × 5(10), (2) 6 × 5(10), and (3) 3 × 10(10) in the bench press (BP) and full squat (SQ) exercises. Selected mechanical and biochemical variables were assessed at seven time points (from - 12 h to + 72 h post-exercise). Countermovement jump height (CMJ) and movement velocity against the load that elicited a 1 m s-1 mean propulsive velocity (V1) and 75% 1RM in the BP and SQ were used as mechanical indicators of neuromuscular performance.Results Training to muscle failure in each set [3 × 10(10)], even when compared to completing the same total exercise volume [6 × 5(10)], resulted in a significantly higher acute decline of CMJ and velocity against the V1 and 75% 1RM loads in both BP and SQ. In contrast, recovery from the 3 × 5(10) and 6 × 5(10) protocols was significantly faster between 24 and 48 h post-exercise compared to 3 × 10(10). Markers of acute (ammonia, growth hormone) and delayed (creatine kinase) fatigue showed a markedly different course of recovery between protocols, suggesting that training to failure slows down recovery up to 24-48 h post-exercise.Conclusions RT leading to failure considerably increases the time needed for the recovery of neuromuscular function and metabolic and hormonal homeostasis. Avoiding failure would allow athletes to be in a better neuromuscular condition to undertake a new training session or competition in a shorter period of time.
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“However, pushing every set to absolute failure exponentially increases neuromuscular fatigue, prolongs recovery demands, and reduces the quality of subsequent sets or sessions [148].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [148]
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Self-citationImportance of the Propulsive Phase in Strength Assessment
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Davies, T. B., Lazinica, B., Krieger, J. W., & Pedisic, Z. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x · Cited by 365
“However, from a practical standpoint, it should be acknowledged that acute studies indicate that training to muscular failure significantly impacts the recovery of neuromuscular function and metabolic and hormonal homeostasis [55].”
InfluentialCourel‐Ibáñez, J., Martínez-Cava, A., Morán‐Navarro, R., Escribano‐Peñas, P., Chavarren-Cabrero, J., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Pallarés, J. G. (2019) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-019-02265-6 · Cited by 187
Self-citationVelocity Loss as a Critical Variable Determining the Adaptations to Strength Training
Pareja‐Blanco, F., Alcázar, J., Sánchez‐Valdepeñas, J., Cornejo‐Daza, P. J., Piqueras‐Sanchiz, F., Mora-Vela, R., Sánchez‐Moreno, M., Mena, B. B., Ortega‐Becerra, M., & Alegre, L. M. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002295 · Cited by 187
“‘level of effort’) (10) seems to be another variable that should be considered when designing an RT program (10-12).”
BackgroundVelocity- and power-load relationships in the half, parallel and full back squat
Martínez-Cava, A., Morán‐Navarro, R., Sánchez‐Medina, L., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Pallarés, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1544187 · Cited by 160
“In other regards, research attentionhas recently beenplacedon monitoring movement velocity during RT (Gonzalez-Badillo & Sanchez-Medina, 2010; Moran-Navarro et al., 2017; SánchezMedina, Pallarés, Pérez, Morán-Navarro, & González-Badillo, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchoenfeld, B. J., Fisher, J. P., Grgić, J., Haun, C. T., Helms, E. R., Phillips, S. M., Steele, J., & Vigotsky, A. D. (2021) · International Journal of Strength and Conditioning · doi:10.47206/ijsc.v1i1.81 · Cited by 141
Stone, M. H., Hornsby, W. G., Haff, G. G., Fry, A. C., Suarez, D. G., Liu, J., González‐Ravé, J. M., & Pierce, K. C. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004050 · Cited by 138
“maximum effort, resulting in poor fatigue management and inability to achieve a true loading spectrum (25,136).”
BackgroundTime Course of Recovery From Resistance Exercise With Different Set Configurations
Pareja‐Blanco, F., Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., Aagaard, P., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Ribas‐Serna, J., Mora‐Custodio, R., Otero‐Esquina, C., Yáñez‐García, J. M., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002756 · Cited by 114
“Thus, it is not surprising that there is a growing body of literature aiming to analyze the hormonal response after RT leading either to failure or not to failure (5,17,20).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVieira, A. F., Umpierre, D., Teodoro, J. L., Lisboa, S. C., Baroni, B. M., Izquierdo, M., & Cadore, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003936 · Cited by 94
Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., Yáñez‐García, J. M., Mora‐Custodio, R., Pareja‐Blanco, F., Ravelo-García, A. G., Ribas‐Serna, J., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0829 · Cited by 101
“Indeed, training to muscle failure induces a high level of mechanical, metabolic and hormonal stress (Gonzalez-Badillo et al. 2016; Moran-Navarro et al. 2017; Pareja-Blanco et al. 2017b; Sanchez-Medina and Gonzalez-Badillo 2011), and it appears that the continuous use of this type of RT results in…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBaz-Valle, E., Fontes-Villalba, M., & Santos-Concejero, J. (2021) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002776 · Cited by 84
“However, although performing sets to failure can potentiate muscle mass gains, doing it in a systematic way may be detrimental at a neuromechanic (force generation capacity) and hormonal levels (cortisol and testosterone alterations) (11,17).”
BackgroundGonzález‐Badillo, J. J., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Ribas‐Serna, J., & Rodríguez‐Rosell, D. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00513-z · Cited by 91
Self-citationTraining Specificity for Athletes: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training: A Narrative Review
Stone, M. H., Hornsby, W. G., Suarez, D. G., Duca, M., & Pierce, K. C. (2022) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk7040102 · Cited by 118
Effect of velocity loss during squat training on neuromuscular performance
Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., Yáñez‐García, J. M., Mora‐Custodio, R., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Ribas‐Serna, J., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13967 · Cited by 86
Self-citationPallarés, J. G., Cava, A. M., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Morán‐Navarro, R. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1612952 · Cited by 86
“Thus, a target MPV to be attained in the first (usually the fastest) repetition of the 1st exercise set in each session was used as an estimation of % 1RM; i.e. a velocity-based training was actually performed, instead of a traditional loadingbased RT programme (Morán-Navarro et al., 2017).”
MethodResultSelf-citationThompson, S. W., Rogerson, D., Ruddock, A. D., & Barnes, A. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01241-3 · Cited by 75
Zourdos, M. C., Goldsmith, J. A., Helms, E. R., Trepeck, C., Halle, J. L., Mendez, K. M., Cooke, D. M., Haischer, M. H., Sousa, C. A., Klemp, A., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002995 · Cited by 73
“Importantly, training to failure has shown diminished performance for 48 hours (16) and is associated with longer recovery even when directly compared with volume-equated nonfailure training (14).”
BackgroundCarroll, K. M., Bernards, J. R., Bazyler, C. D., Taber, C. B., Stuart, C. A., DeWeese, B. H., Sato, K., & Stone, M. H. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0045 · Cited by 70
Doma, K., Deakin, G. B., Schumann, M., & Bentley, D. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2 · Cited by 68
Robinson, Z. P., Pelland, J. C., Remmert, J. F., Refalo, M. C., Jukic, I., Steele, J., & Zourdos, M. C. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02069-2 · Cited by 63
“…marginalized across categorical fixed effects (i.e., method of volume equating and training status) acute studies have demonstrated that training closer to failure results in greater indices of neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue compared with training farther from failure [24, 104, 105].”
Ranchal-Sanchez, A., Diaz-Bernier, V. M., De La Florida-Villagran, C. A., Llorente-Cantarero, F. J., Campos-Perez, J., & Jurado-Castro, J. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071912 · Cited by 63
“The experimental procedure consisted of three visits, separated from each other by 72 hours, to achieve the total elimination of any effects caused by the BJ [22], as well as the optimal recovery of the participants [23].”
MethodVieira, J. G., Sardeli, A. V., Dias, M. R., Filho, J. E., Campos, Y., Sant’Ana, L. D. O., Leitão, L., Reis, V. M., Wilk, M., Novaes, J. D. S., et al. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01602-x · Cited by 73
“Physiologically, RTF breaks cellular homeostasis by depleting phosphocreatine storages, reducing adenosine triphosphate and the total muscle adenine nucleotides pool [27], leading to tissue damage [7, 8, 32], an increase in metabolic fatigue markers [12, 27, 33–35], and a reduction in neuromuscular performance [9, 12,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPareja‐Blanco, F., Villalba-Fernández, A., Cornejo‐Daza, P. J., Sánchez‐Valdepeñas, J., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7030059 · Cited by 59
“However, these studies prescribed the same number of repetitions for all participants with the same %1RM [13,15], which may induce a different level of effort for each participant, whereas we employed a VBT approach.”
MethodSelf-citationImproved Strength and Recovery After Velocity-Based Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Held, S., Hecksteden, A., Meyer, T., & Donath, L. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0451 · Cited by 58
Overreaching and overtraining in strength sports and resistance training: A scoping review
Bell, L., Ruddock, A. D., Maden‐Wilkinson, T., & Rogerson, D. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1763077 · Cited by 52
“[2] Recovery from RT varies based on the magnitude, duration and mode of training,[3] with typical mechanical and biochemical restoration occurring within 3 hours of moderate-intensity RT using loads at 70% of 1-RM or 24-96 hours during intense RT where muscular failure is achieved and/or muscle damage has occurred.[1…”
MethodRefalo, M. C., Helms, E. R., Hamilton, D. L., & Fyfe, J. J. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00554-y · Cited by 56
Sánchez‐Moreno, M., Cornejo‐Daza, P. J., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Pareja‐Blanco, F. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003500 · Cited by 49
“It has been proposed that performing slow and fatiguing repetitions, as occurs in typical, tofailure training,may evoke a reduction in the IIX fiber type (20) and a physiological environment that does not provide optimal conditions for improving neuromuscular performance (18,19).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRefalo, M. C., Helms, E. R., Hamilton, D. L., & Fyfe, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2080165 · Cited by 48
“…2012), is consistently greater when RT is performed to set failure versus non-failure (Garcia-Ramos et al., 2020; Gonzalez-Hernandez et al., 2021; Gorostiaga et al., 2012, 2014; AS Martorelli et al., 2021; Moran-Navarro et al., 2017; Raastad et al., 2000; Sanchez-Medina & Gonzalez-Badillo, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialRamos‐Campo, D. J., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., Andreu‐Caravaca, L., Ávila-Gandía, V., & Rubio‐Arias, J. Á. (2020) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2020.97677 · Cited by 47
Does Training to Failure Maximize Muscle Hypertrophy?
Schoenfeld, B. J., & Grgić, J. (2019) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000473 · Cited by 46
“In a recent study, training to failure in each set using a 3 3 10-repetition protocol (compared to training without reaching failure using a 6 3 5-repetition protocol) slowed down the recovery up to 24–48 hours after exercise (17).”
MethodCarroll, K. M., Bazyler, C. D., Bernards, J. R., Taber, C. B., Stuart, C. A., DeWeese, B. H., Sato, K., & Stone, M. H. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7070169 · Cited by 45
“[2] recently demonstrated that performing bench press and back squats to failure delays recovery of neuromuscular performance by up to 24–48 h post-exercise [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialMartínez-Cava, A., Hernández‐Belmonte, A., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., Morán‐Navarro, R., González-Badillo, J. J., & Pallarés, J. G. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003391 · Cited by 44
“relationship) that is being used from the first repetition performed at maximal voluntary velocity for a given load (31); (c) estimate the muscle power output production (30); and (d) quantify the neuromuscular fatigue induced by resistance exercise using a noninvasive and objective method (21,22,26,27,29).”
MethodSelf-citationHickmott, L. M., Chilibeck, P. D., Shaw, K. A., & Butcher, S. J. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9 · Cited by 56
“Although training to failure has traditionally been promoted for overload [38, 39], this practice elevates muscle damage and elongates recovery time considerably compared to not training to failure [40].”
BackgroundRange of Motion and Sticking Region Effects on the Bench Press Load-Velocity Relationship.
Martínez-Cava, A., Morán‐Navarro, R., Hernández‐Belmonte, A., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., Conesa‐Ros, E., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Pallarés, J. G. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 40
Self-citationRepetitions in Reserve Is a Reliable Tool for Prescribing Resistance Training Load
Lovegrove, S., Hughes, L. J., Mansfield, S. K., Read, P. J., Price, P., & Patterson, S. D. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003952 · Cited by 39
“exercise fatigue associated with training to muscular failure (11,19).”
BackgroundPelland, J. C., Robinson, Z. P., Remmert, J. F., Cerminaro, R. M., Benitez, B., John, T. A., Helms, E. R., & Zourdos, M. C. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01667-2 · Cited by 40
“Additionally, training to failure has been associated with greater session rating of perceived exertion [5, 19] and a longer time course of recovery than non-failure training [24, 25], further suggesting that per-set proximity to failure is a crucial variable.”
BackgroundRodríguez‐Rosell, D., Martínez-Cava, A., Yáñez‐García, J. M., Hernández‐Belmonte, A., Mora‐Custodio, R., Morán‐Navarro, R., Pallarés, J. G., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113337 · Cited by 36
Self-citationIs there Evidence for the Suggestion that Fatigue Accumulates Following Resistance Exercise?
Kataoka, R., Vasenina, E., Hammert, W. B., Ibrahim, A. H., Dankel, S. J., & Buckner, S. L. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01572-0 · Cited by 40
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgić, J., Contreras, B. M., Delcastillo, K., Alto, A., Haun, C. T., Souza, E. O. D., & Vigotsky, A. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01571 · Cited by 33
Karsten, B., Fu, Y., Larumbe‐Zabala, E., Seijo, M., & Naclerio, F. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003163 · Cited by 32
“Indeed, performing RTF using light and moderate loads causes a marked disruption of cellular homeostasis, with a considerable increase in protons (H(1)), a concomitant decrease in intracellular pH, and depletion of muscle purines, resulting in the requirement for longer recovery times between training sessions (25).”
BackgroundEffect of Velocity Loss on Strength Performance in Bench Press Using a Weight Stack Machine
Rodiles-Guerrero, L., Pareja‐Blanco, F., & León-Prados, J. A. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1179-5849 · Cited by 35
The Connection Between Resistance Training, Climbing Performance, and Injury Prevention
Sæterbakken, A. H., Stien, N., Pedersen, H., Langer, K., Scott, S., Michailov, M. L., Grønhaug, G., Baláš, J., Solstad, T. E. J., & Andersen, V. S. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00677-w · Cited by 40
“It is important to note that combining a large training volume and high-intensity in RT is associated with greater perceptions of discomfort [149], more muscle soreness [99], less enjoyment [150], and a longer recovery time [99, 149].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Training Status on Adaptations to 11 Weeks of Block Periodization Training
Wetmore, A. B., Moquin, P. A., Carroll, K. M., Fry, A. C., Hornsby, W. G., & Stone, M. H. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8110145 · Cited by 33
Fonseca, F. D. S., Costa, B. D. D. V., Ferreira, M. E. C., Paes, S. T., de Lima-Júnior, D. R. A. A., Kassiano, W., Cyrino, E. S., Gantois, P., & Fortes, L. D. S. (2020) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2020.01.004 · Cited by 29
Williams, T. D., Esco, M. R., Fedewa, M. V., & Bishop, P. A. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003835 · Cited by 27
“Based on previous findings, bench press and back squat recovery follows a similar time course with submaximal loads (30), but it is unknown how maximal strength recovery differs between exercises.”
BackgroundTraining load but not fatigue affects cross‐education of maximal voluntary force
Colomer‐Poveda, D., Romero‐Arenas, S., Fariñas, J., Iglesias‐Soler, E., Hortobágyi, T., & Márquez, G. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13844 · Cited by 25
González-Hernández, J. M., García‐Ramos, A., Colomer‐Poveda, D., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Cerón, J. M. C., Jiménez‐Reyes, P., & Márquez, G. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003921 · Cited by 25
“compared with nonfailure protocols (14,25).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPiqueras‐Sanchiz, F., Cornejo‐Daza, P. J., Sánchez‐Valdepeñas, J., Mena, B. B., Sánchez‐Moreno, M., Martín-Rodríguez, S., García-García, Ó., & Pareja‐Blanco, F. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004068 · Cited by 24
“, creatine kinase) (26) have been observed after longer set configurations.”
BackgroundSpiering, B. A., Clark, B. C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Foulis, S. A., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004390 · Cited by 37
“Alternatively, it is reasonable to hypothesize that any potential advantage of going to failure (from a mental effort perspective) is offset by the observation that going to failure significantly increases fatigue and delays the subsequent recovery timeline both between the sets (96) and between the sessions (61).”
BackgroundPainter, K. B., Haff, G. G., Triplett, N., Stuart, C. A., Hornsby, W. G., Ramsey, M., Bazyler, C. D., & Stone, M. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6010003 · Cited by 30
González‐García, J., Giráldez‐Costas, V., Ruíz‐Moreno, C., Gutiérrez‐Hellín, J., & Romero‐Moraleda, B. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1845816 · Cited by 23
“Then, ten bodyweight squats and two approximation sets of 6 and 4 repetitions with 30 and 40 kg were performed (Morán-Navarro et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRoveratti, M. C., Jacinto, J. L., Oliveira, D. B., da Silva, R. A., Andraus, R. A. C., de Oliveira, E. P., Ribeiro, A. S., & Aguiar, A. F. (2019) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-018-02686-y · Cited by 22
Mangine, G. T., Serafini, P. R., Stratton, M. T., Olmos, A. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., & Feito, Y. (2022) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004158 · Cited by 22
“However, compared with nonfailure sets, RM sets require greater effort and produce more discomfort, inflammation, and muscle damage (13,24,27,28,33).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWeakley, J. J. S., Johnston, R. D., Cowley, N., Wood, T., Ramírez‐López, C., McMahon, E. L., & García‐Ramos, A. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004642 · Cited by 23
Belcher, D. J., Sousa, C. A., Carzoli, J. P., Johnson, T. K., Helms, E. R., Visavadiya, N. P., Zoeller, R. F., WHITEHURST, M. A., & Zourdos, M. C. (2019) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0004 · Cited by 22
“…the discrepancy in time course, the average squat 1RM of subjects in the present study (159.00 ± 49.25 kg), was substantially greater than Moran-Navarro et al. (105.7 ± 35.2 kg) suggesting that the higher training status of our subjects resulted in a more rapid recovery (Morán-Navarro et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHelland, C., Midttun, M., Sæland, F., Haugvad, L., Olstad, D. S., Solberg, P. A., & Paulsen, G. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10044 · Cited by 26
Affective Responses From Different Modalities of Resistance Exercise: Timing Matters!
Cavarretta, D. J., Hall, E. E., & Bixby, W. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2019.00005 · Cited by 26
“A longer recovery period after completing the 10 RM was elected as there appears to still be decrements in performance 48 h after training to failure (Morán-Navarro et al., 2017).”
MethodHernández‐Belmonte, A., & Pallarés, J. G. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12094425 · Cited by 20
Self-citationTerraza-Rebollo, M., & Baiget, E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260825 · Cited by 22
“Besides, repetition to failure could increase the time needed for the recovery of neuromuscular function and metabolic and hormonal homeostasis [35].”
BackgroundTime to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management?
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C. J., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., Maestroni, L., & Newton, R. U. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.007 · Cited by 24
Latella, C., Peddle‐McIntyre, C. J., Marcotte, L., Steele, J., Kendall, K. L., & Fairman, C. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01455-4 · Cited by 19
“This is in contrast to TS paradigms that, as mentioned, can cause comparatively greater fatigue, and prolong the recovery period when performed at, or close to momentary failure [12–15]; though when not performed to failure neuromuscular fatigue is less pronounced [12, 15].”
ResultMONTILLA, J. A. P., García‐Ramos, A., Castaño‐Zambudio, A., Capelo‐Ramírez, F., González-Hernández, J. M., Cordero-Rodríguez, Y., & Jiménez‐Reyes, P. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002712 · Cited by 24
“(19) reported that training to failure increases the time required to recover the neuromuscular function as well as the metabolic and hormonal homeostasis.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSánchez-Pay, A., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., Martínez-Cava, A., Conesa‐Ros, E., Morán‐Navarro, R., & Pallarés, J. G. (2019) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2019.01.006 · Cited by 18
Self-citationCosta, B. D. D. V., Ferreira, M. E. C., Gantois, P., Kassiano, W., Paes, S. T., de Lima-Júnior, D. R. A. A., Cyrino, E. S., & Fortes, L. D. S. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003150 · Cited by 18
“Accordingly, RT systems with a greater ratio of stimulus/rest are uninteresting for RT practitioners who aim to accelerate neuromuscular recovery within and between training sessions (18).”
BackgroundFarrow, J., Steele, J., Behm, D. G., Skivington, M., & Fisher, J. P. (2020) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1734521 · Cited by 18
“…there is the potential that exercise to momentary failure might require greater recovery compared with exercise not to failure, yet the study by Morán-Navarro et al. (2017) supporting this utilized a multiple set protocol (3 sets x 10 repetitions to failure, or 6 sets x 5 repetitions not to…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHackett, D. A. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003978 · Cited by 18
“However, the ERF scale might be less helpful for trainers targeting strength and power who generally avoid sets to failure to prevent unnecessary fatigue (19) and less desirable training responses (3).”
BackgroundThe Importance of Recovery in Resistance Training Microcycle Construction
Sousa, C. A., Zourdos, M. C., Storey, A. G., & Helms, E. R. (2024) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/186659 · Cited by 17
“For example, metabolic markers of fatigue and low, medium, and high load strength performance required 24–48 h longer to return to baseline in a group completing three sets of 10 repetitions to failure compared to six sets of five repetitions with the same load (Morán-Navarro et al., 2017).”
Barbalho, M., Coswig, V. S., Steele, J., Fisher, J. P., Gießing, J., & Gentil, P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0914 · Cited by 18
RetractedMachek, S. B., Hwang, P. S., Cardaci, T. D., Wilburn, D. T., Bagley, J. R., Blake, D. T., Galpin, A. J., & Willoughby, D. S. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003804 · Cited by 19
“This evidence is especially relevant for powerlifters, whereby frequently high relative loads used with the primary compound lifts largely discourage exhaustive sets for fear of subsequent performance decrement/injury (2,23).”
BackgroundJukić, I., García‐Ramos, A., Maleček, J., Omcirk, D., & Tufano, J. J. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003608 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, assessing concentric velocity at submaximal loads has recently become popular for tracking performance changes against constant loads over time (7,18,23).”
BackgroundGoulart, K. N. D. O., Resende, N. M., Drummond, M. D. M., de Oliveira, L. M., Lima, F. V., Szmuchrowski, L. A., Fujiwara, R. T., & Couto, B. P. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1789227 · Cited by 16
“Previous studies reported a significant decrease in CMJ performance at 24 and 48 h post-RT (Davies et al., 2018; Morán-Navarro et al., 2017) and a decrease in MVIC performance at 4h (Davies et al., 2018) or up to 48h (Ahtiainen et al., 2011) post-training session.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialde Queirós, V. S., dos Santos, Í. K., de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., Dantas, M., de França, I. M., Vieira, W. H. D. B., Neto, G. R., Dantas, P. M. S., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253521 · Cited by 16
“The use of sets until reaching failure seems to promote greater decrease in neuromuscular performance for up to 48h after traditional resistance exercise [44], and this performance decline seems to be maximized as the number of repetitions performed increases [50].”
BackgroundGonzález‐García, J., Latella, C., Aguilar‐Navarro, M., & Romero‐Moraleda, B. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1898-4888 · Cited by 15
“This velocity loss was selected to limit metabolic and neuromuscular fatigue [16] due to reductions in the level of effort of each set [17].”
MethodDomingos, C., Marôco, J. L., Miranda, M., Silva, C., Melo, X., & Borrego, C. C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031992 · Cited by 15
Remmert, J. F., Laurson, K. R., & Zourdos, M. C. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125231169868 · Cited by 15
“Consequently, training to failure leads to a longer recovery time course than non-failure training (Morán-Navarro et al., 2017), possibly impacting weekly training volume.”
BackgroundRefalo, M. C., Remmert, J. F., Pelland, J. C., Robinson, Z. P., Zourdos, M. C., Hamilton, D. L., Fyfe, J. J., & Helms, E. R. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004653 · Cited by 15
“…constraints, including the time and costs associated with data collection and subsequent analyses and (b) the chosen sample size is greater than most published studies investigating the influence of RT proximity to failure on neuromuscular fatigue using similar research designs (6,19,21,22,24).”
BackgroundTolusso, D. V., Dobbs, W. C., MacDonald, H. V., Winchester, L. J., Laurent, C. M., Fedewa, M. V., & Esco, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0360 · Cited by 17
Periodization for optimizing strength and hypertrophy; the forgotten variables
Fisher, J. P., Steele, J., Smith, D., & Gentil, P. (2018) · Journal of Trainology · doi:10.17338/trainology.7.1_10 · Cited by 14
Hernández‐Belmonte, A., Buendía‐Romero, Á., Martínez-Cava, A., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., Mora‐Rodríguez, R., & Pallarés, J. G. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10228002 · Cited by 13
“In addition, this test to exhaustion produces excessive neuromuscular fatigue, limiting the assessment of other physical evaluations or high-quality training sessions within the following 48–72 h [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSalem, A., Ammar, A., Kerkeni, M., Boujelbane, M. A., Uyar, A. M., Köbel, L. M., Selvaraj, S. A., Zare, R., Heinrich, K. M., Jahrami, H., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17101720 · Cited by 16
“Following the first visit, which included familiarization and 1RM determination, the protocol involved four testing sessions conducted over a two-week period, with at least 72 h of rest between sessions to ensure adequate recovery [23].”
Velocity-Based Resistance Training in Soccer: Practical Applications and Technical Considerations
Hernández‐Belmonte, A., Alegre, L. M., & Courel‐Ibáñez, J. (2022) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000707 · Cited by 13
Time course of recovery from resistance exercise before and after a training program
Pareja‐Blanco, F., Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09334-4 · Cited by 13
Self-citationBarahona-Fuentes, G. D. F., Ojeda, Á. H., & Jerez‐Mayorga, D. (2020) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-6574202000030063 · Cited by 13
Lewis, M. H., Siedler, M. R., Lamadrid, P., Ford, S., Smith, T., SanFilippo, G., Waddell, B., Trexler, E. T., Buckner, S., & Campbell, B. I. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004239 · Cited by 12
“(perceived exertion and cognitive fatigue) (8,12), training variables (volume, exercise mode, and effort) (13,17,34,35), and other personal characteristics (training history) (7,36) all impact an athlete’s recovery and fatigability.”
BackgroundInfluentialNájera-Ferrer, P., Pérez-Caballero, C., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Pareja‐Blanco, F. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0483 · Cited by 12
Self-citationGantois, P., Fonseca, F. D. S., de Lima-Júnior, D. R. A. A., Costa, M. D. C., Costa, B. D. D. V., Cyrino, E. S., & Fortes, L. D. S. (2020) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-202123 · Cited by 11
“…several studies compared the acute effects of different systems (TRD vs. RP) and strategies (failure vs. non-failure) on neuromuscular performance [8,12,13,22], to the authors’ knowledge, a direct comparison of these resistance training systems adopting failure training strategy is limited,…”
InfluentialMaté‐Muñoz, J. L., Garnacho‐Castaño, M. V., Hernández-Lougedo, J., Maicas-Pérez, L., Notario-Alonso, R., Silva‐Grigoletto, M. E. D., García-Fernández, P., & Elvar, J. R. H. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11020336 · Cited by 11
de Camargo, J. B. B., Brigatto, F. A., Zaroni, R. S., Trindade, T. B., Germano, M. D., Tavares, A. C., de Oliveira, T. P., Marchetti, P. H., Prestes, J., & Lopes, C. R. (2022) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/vyub3717 · Cited by 11
The velocity of resistance exercise does not accurately assess repetitions‐in‐reserve
Mansfield, S. K., Peiffer, J. J., Galna, B., & Scott, B. R. (2023) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2023.2235314 · Cited by 10
“For example, participants may unintentionally train to failure which can exagger-ate post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue and muscle damage (Gonzalez-Hernandez et al., 2021) and increase the time needed for recovery between training sessions (Morán-Navarro et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSkeletal muscle hypertrophy: molecular and applied aspects of exercise physiology
Arantes, V. H. F., da Silva, D. P., Alvarenga, R., Terra, A., Koch, A. J., Machado, M., & Pompeu, F. A. M. S. (2020) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-020-00652-z · Cited by 12
Methodological Proposal for Strength and Power Training in Older Athletes: A Narrative Review
Jofré‐Saldía, E., Villalobos-Gorigoitía, Á., & Gea-García, G. M. (2022) · Current Aging Science · doi:10.2174/1874609815666220228153646 · Cited by 10
Martos-Arregui, A., Li, Z., Miras‐Moreno, S., Marcos‐Frutos, D., Jiménez‐Martínez, P., Alix‐Fages, C., Janicijevic, D. N., & García‐Ramos, A. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05639-4 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, training to failure may be less efficient as it significantly increases fatigue extending the time required for recovery both between sets (Vieira et al. 2022) and between sessions (Morán-Navarro et al. 2017).”
Cunha, P. M., Ribeiro, A. S., Padilha, C. S., Nunes, J. P., Schoenfeld, B. J., Cyrino, L. T., Tomeleri, C. M., Nascimento, M. A., Antunes, M., Fernandes, R. R., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003602 · Cited by 8
“Greater training volume induces greater physical effort (18); thus, the subjects of HV may have saved effort as a result of the larger volume condition.”
BackgroundCreatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzymes Response to Lactate Tolerance Exercise Test
Rahmanian, K., Hooshmand, F., Shakeri, M., Rahmanian, V., Jahromi, F. S., & Jahromi, A. S. (2022) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2021.00661 · Cited by 10
“Meanwhile, Hicks et al. [26] and Moran-Navarro [27], following the 3×10 protocol, observed an elevation of CK activity overtime until 96 hours after an ex- ercise and 24 hours after the end of the protocol, respectively.”
BackgroundKassiano, W., Costa, M. D. C., Fonseca, F. D. S., de Lima-Júnior, D. R. A. A., Costa, B. D. D. V., & Fortes, L. D. S. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1518-7537 · Cited by 8
Chae, S., Long, S., Lis, R. P., McDowell, K. W., Wagle, J. P., Carroll, K. M., Mizuguchi, S., & Stone, M. H. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004694 · Cited by 7
Zhou, K.-X., Yuan, C.-Q., Shang, Z., Jiao, W., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1458882 · Cited by 7
Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults
Rodríguez-López, C., Alcázar, J., Losa‐Reyna, J., Carmona‐Torres, J. M., Cruz-Santaella, A., Ara, I., Csapo, R., & Alegre, L. M. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1408-4793 · Cited by 7
Cornejo‐Daza, P. J., Villalba-Fernández, A., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Pareja‐Blanco, F. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004623 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAndrade, J., Esteves, D., Ferraz, R., Marques, D. L., Branquinho, L., Marinho, D. A., Marques, M. C., & Neiva, H. P. (2022) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports10120195 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, as CK is a delayed fatigue marker [16], these findings reinforce that a 3 × 8RM protocol leads to high mechanical fatigue and low post-exercise recovery.”
BackgroundGonzález‐García, J., Aguilar‐Navarro, M., Giráldez‐Costas, V., & Romero‐Moraleda, B. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2041162 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Morán-Navarro, R., Pérez, C. E., Mora-Rodríguez, R., de la Cruz-Sánchez, E., González-Badillo, J. J., Sánchez-Medina, L., & Pallarés, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Murcia (ES)
- University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Pallarés, Jesús G.
- ORCID
- Pallarés, Jesús G.
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2017-09-30
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2387-2399
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2757710276
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 18.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Academica-e (Universidad Pública de Navarra) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- resistance training, training to failure, recovery time course, neuromuscular fatigue, countermovement jump, movement speed, bench press, squatting, creatine kinase, ammonia, growth hormone, exercise volume, acute fatigue
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Male, Random Allocation, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue, Recovery of Function, Resistance Training
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