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Carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged cycling exercise spares muscle glycogen but does not affect intramyocellular lipid use
Open accessAbstract
Using contemporary stable-isotope methodology and fluorescence microscopy, we assessed the impact of carbohydrate supplementation on whole-body and fiber-type-specific intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG) and glycogen use during prolonged endurance exercise. Ten endurance-trained male subjects were studied twice during 3 h of cycling at 63 +/- 4% of maximal O(2) uptake with either glucose ingestion (CHO trial; 0.7 g CHO kg(-1) h(-1)) or without (CON placebo trial; water only). Continuous infusions with [U-(13)C] palmitate and [6,6-(2)H(2)] glucose were applied to quantify plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose oxidation rates and to estimate intramyocellular lipid and glycogen use. Before and after exercise, muscle biopsy samples were taken to quantify fiber-type-specific IMTG and glycogen content. Plasma glucose rate of appearance (R (a)) and carbohydrate oxidation rates were substantially greater in the CHO vs CON trial. Carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a lower muscle glycogen use during the first hour of exercise in the CHO vs CON trial, resulting in a 38 +/- 19 and 57 +/- 22% decreased utilization in type I and II muscle-fiber glycogen content, respectively. In the CHO trial, both plasma FFA R (a) and subsequent plasma FFA concentrations were lower, resulting in a 34 +/- 12% reduction in plasma FFA oxidation rates during exercise (P < 0.05). Carbohydrate intake did not augment IMTG utilization, as fluorescence microscopy revealed a 76 +/- 21 and 78 +/- 22% reduction in type I muscle-fiber lipid content in the CHO and CON trial, respectively. We conclude that carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged cycling exercise does not modulate IMTG use but spares muscle glycogen use during the initial stages of exercise in endurance-trained men.
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“In such cases, the consumption of 5–30 g of carbohydrate during and within 30 min after exhaustive, glycogen-depleting exercise will lower hypoglycemia risk and allow for more efficient restoration of muscle glycogen ( 31 , 247 ).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [247]
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“albeit glycogen sparing was also observed during the first hour of cycling when fed carbohydrates [75].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
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“When taken together, it is currently thought that CHO feeding during exercise may therefore augment exercise performance via multiple mechanisms consisting of muscle glycogen sparing [39], liver glycogen sparing [40] and maintenance of plasma glucose and CHO oxidation rates [41].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
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Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Fernhall, B., Regensteiner, J. G., Blissmer, B. J., Rubin, R. R., Chasan-Taber, L., Albright, A. L., & Braun, B. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-9990 · Cited by 1,955
“In such cases, the consumption of 5–30 g of carbohydrate during and within 30 min after exhaustive, glycogendepleting exercise will lower hypoglycemia risk and allow for more efficient restoration of muscle glycogen (31,247).”
(2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181eeb61c · Cited by 567
Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease
Blaak, E. E., Antoine, J. M., Benton, D., Björck, I., Bozzetto, L., Brouns, F. J. P. H., Diamant, M., Dye, L., Hulshof, T. G., Holst, J. J., et al. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01011.x · Cited by 513
The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stellingwerff, T., Boon, H., Gijsen, A. P., Stegen, J. H. C. H., Kuipers, H., & van Loon, L. J. C.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Stellingwerff, Trent
- Venue
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology
- Published
- 2007-02-27
- Volume
- 454
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 635-647
- ISSN
- 0031-6768 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2013
- PMC
- PMC1915642
- OpenAlex
- W2126954014
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- carbohydrate supplementation, muscle glycogen, intramyocellular lipid, endurance exercise, prolonged cycling, glucose ingestion, free fatty acid oxidation, muscle fiber type, endurance-trained men, energy substrate utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biopsy, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Exercise Test, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Glycogen, Humans, Insulin, Lactates, Male, Rest, Triglycerides, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Lipid Metabolism
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