The neural correlates of social attention: automatic orienting to social and nonsocial cues
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Previous evidence suggests that directional social cues (e.g., eye gaze) cause automatic shifts in attention toward gaze direction. It has been proposed that automatic attentional orienting driven by social cues (social orienting) involves a different neural network from automatic orienting driven by nonsocial cues. However, previous neuroimaging studies on social orienting have only compared gaze cues to symbolic cues, which typically engage top-down mechanisms. Therefore, we directly compared the neural activity involved in social orienting to that involved in purely automatic nonsocial orienting. Twenty participants performed a spatial cueing task consisting of social (gaze) cues and automatic nonsocial (peripheral squares) cues presented at short and long stimulus (cue-to-target) onset asynchronies (SOA), while undergoing fMRI. Behaviorally, a facilitation effect was found for both cue types at the short SOA, while an inhibitory effect (inhibition of return: IOR) was found only for nonsocial cues at the long SOA. Imaging results demonstrated that social and nonsocial cues recruited a largely overlapping fronto-parietal network. In addition, social cueing evoked greater activity in occipito-temporal regions at both SOAs, while nonsocial cueing recruited greater subcortical activity, but only for the long SOA (when IOR was found). A control experiment, including central arrow cues, confirmed that the occipito-temporal activity was at least in part due to the social nature of the cue and not simply to the location of presentation (central vs. peripheral). These results suggest an evolutionary trajectory for automatic orienting, from predominantly subcortical mechanisms for nonsocial orienting to predominantly cortical mechanisms for social orienting.
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Humans are hard-wired to attend specifically to those features of the social environment that are likely to help predict the future actions of others, and reactions to such social cues engage different brain regions from non-social spatial cues.
“This suggests that humans are hard-wired to attend specifically to those features of the social environment that are likely to help predict the future actions of others (e.g. faces showing an emotional expression attract more attention [81]), and there is some evidence that reactions to such social cues engage different brain regions from non-social spatial cues [82].”
From The social origins of consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Greene, D. J., Mooshagian, E., Kaplan, J. T., Zaidel, E., & Iacoboni, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Greene, Deanna J.
- Venue
- Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung
- Published
- 2009-04-07
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 499-511
- ISSN
- 0033-3026 (ISSN-L)
- 0340-0727
- 1430-2772
- PMC
- PMC2694932
- OpenAlex
- W2123323029
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Psychological Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ahmanson Foundation
- Brain Mapping Support Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (RR13642)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR12169, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- social attention, social orienting, eye gaze cues, spatial cueing, inhibition of return, frontoparietal network, subcortical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cues, Biological Evolution, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Nonverbal Communication, Occipital Lobe, Orientation, Parietal Lobe, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reaction Time, Reflex, Saccades, Temporal Lobe, Visual Fields, Young Adult
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