The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze
Abstract
Gaze is an important component of social interaction. The function, evolution and neurobiology of gaze processing are therefore of interest to a number of researchers. This review discusses the evolutionary role of social gaze in vertebrates (focusing on primates), and a hypothesis that this role has changed substantially for primates compared to other animals. This change may have been driven by morphological changes to the face and eyes of primates, limitations in the facial anatomy of other vertebrates, changes in the ecology of the environment in which primates live, and a necessity to communicate information about the environment, emotional and mental states. The eyes represent different levels of signal value depending on the status, disposition and emotional state of the sender and receiver of such signals. There are regions in the monkey and human brain which contain neurons that respond selectively to faces, bodies and eye gaze. The ability to follow another individual's gaze direction is affected in individuals with autism and other psychopathological disorders, and after particular localized brain lesions. The hypothesis that gaze following is "hard-wired" in the brain, and may be localized within a circuit linking the superior temporal sulcus, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex is discussed.
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In primates, the eyes and other facial components have developed important functions in social communication.
“In primates, the eyes, along with the other components of the face, have developed important functions in social communication (37).”
From Comparative Perspectives on Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Research in Rodents and Primates: Translational Implications (2016) · cites this paper as [37]
During natural vision, social primates direct their gaze at the eyes of others to communicate their own emotions and intentions and to gather information about the mental states of others.
“During natural vision, social primates direct their gaze at the eyes of others to communicate their own emotions and intentions and to gather information about the mental states of others [2].”
From Neurons in the Monkey Amygdala Detect Eye Contact during Naturalistic Social Interactions (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Emery, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Emery, N.J.
- ORCID
- Emery, N.J.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 581-604
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077324971
- Cited by
- 2,037
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- social gaze, gaze following, neuroethology, primate evolution, face processing, superior temporal sulcus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, autism spectrum disorder, emotional communication, social interaction, vertebrate eye
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Eye, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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