CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 173melanin and skin pigmentationGenetic Associations and EpidemiologyForensic and Genetic Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genetics of skin color variation in Europeans: genome-wide association studies with functional follow-up

Open access
Liu, Fan, Visser, Mijke, Duffy, David L., Hysi, Pirro G., Jacobs, Leonie C., Lao, Oscar, Zhong, Kaiyin, Walsh, Susan, Chaitanya, Lakshmi, Wollstein, Andreas, Zhu, Gu, Montgomery, Grant W., Henders, Anjali K., Mangino, Massimo, Glass, Daniel, Bataille, Veronique, Sturm, Richard A., Rivadeneira, Fernando, Hofman, Albert, van IJcken, Wilfred F. J., Uitterlinden, André G., Palstra, Robert-Jan T. S., Spector, Timothy D., Martin, Nicholas G., Nijsten, Tamar E. C., Kayser, Manfred·2015·Human Genetics
DOI 10.1007/s00439-015-1559-0PMC PMC4495261
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In the International Visible Trait Genetics (VisiGen) Consortium, we investigated the genetics of human skin color by combining a series of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a total of 17,262 Europeans with functional follow-up of discovered loci. Our GWAS provide the first genome-wide significant evidence for chromosome 20q11.22 harboring the ASIP gene being explicitly associated with skin color in Europeans. In addition, genomic loci at 5p13.2 (SLC45A2), 6p25.3 (IRF4), 15q13.1 (HERC2/OCA2), and 16q24.3 (MC1R) were confirmed to be involved in skin coloration in Europeans. In follow-up gene expression and regulation studies of 22 genes in 20q11.22, we highlighted two novel genes EIF2S2 and GSS, serving as competing functional candidates in this region and providing future research lines. A genetically inferred skin color score obtained from the 9 top-associated SNPs from 9 genes in 940 worldwide samples (HGDP-CEPH) showed a clear gradual pattern in Western Eurasians similar to the distribution of physical skin color, suggesting the used 9 SNPs as suitable markers for DNA prediction of skin color in Europeans and neighboring populations, relevant in future forensic and anthropological investigations.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00439-015-1559-0

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 Regional Manhattan plots for skin color phenotypes in the Rotterdam Study, the Brisbane Twin Nevus Study, and the TwinsUK study. a chromosome 5p13.2 (33.7–34.2 Mb) containing SLC45A2; b chromosome 6p25.3 (0.2–0.7 Mb) containing IRF4; c chromosome 15q13.1 (28.0–28.7 Mb) containing OCA2 and HERC2; d chromosome 16q24.3 (89.0–90.2 Mb) containing MC1R; and e a large region on chromosome 20q11.22 spanning ~1.5 Mb (32.3–34.0 Mb) containing ASIP. The −log10 p values of all SNPs are plotted against their physical positions (hg19). The blue horizontal line stands for the p value threshold of 5 × 10−8. p value dots are represented in colors and shapes indicating different phenotypes from different study cohorts (plink circle perceived skin darkness in BTNS, green triangles perceived skin darkness in RS, blue squares quantitative skin color saturation in RS, and purple pluses Fitzpatrick scales in TwinsUK). The physical positions of all known genes in the regions are aligned (color figure online)
Fig. 1 Regional Manhattan plots for skin color phenotypes in the Rotterdam Study, the Brisbane Twin Nevus Study, and the TwinsUK study. a chromosome 5p13.2 (33.7–34.2 Mb) containing SLC45A2; b chromosome 6p25.3 (0.2–0.7 Mb) containing IRF4; c chromosome 15q13.1 (28.0–28.7 Mb) containing OCA2 and HERC2; d chromosome 16q24.3 (89.0–90.2 Mb) containing MC1R; and e a large region on chromosome 20q11.22 spanning ~1.5 Mb (32.3–34.0 Mb) containing ASIP. The −log10 p values of all SNPs are plotted against their physical positions (hg19). The blue horizontal line stands for the p value threshold of 5 × 10−8. p value dots are represented in colors and shapes indicating different phenotypes from different study cohorts (plink circle perceived skin darkness in BTNS, green triangles perceived skin darkness in RS, blue squares quantitative skin color saturation in RS, and purple pluses Fitzpatrick scales in TwinsUK). The physical positions of all known genes in the regions are aligned (color figure online)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Expression of ASIP in full, dermal, and epidermal layers of skin. a Plot of eQTL analysis on ASIP, where expression of ASIP is strongly associated with pigmentation variants rs17305573, rs910873 and rs1885120 in skin full-layer biopsy samples. b ASIP is exclusively expressed in the dermal layer of skin, and not in the epidermal layer of skin (nd not detected). Samples derived from the dermal layer are denoted with ‘D’, samples derived from the epidermal layer are denoted with ‘E’. Sample 1 has the rs1885120-CC genotype, with a dark skin phenotype, sample 2 has the rs1885120-CC genotype, with a light skin phenotype, sample 3 has the rs1885120-CT genotype, with a light skin phenotype
Fig. 2 Expression of ASIP in full, dermal, and epidermal layers of skin. a Plot of eQTL analysis on ASIP, where expression of ASIP is strongly associated with pigmentation variants rs17305573, rs910873 and rs1885120 in skin full-layer biopsy samples. b ASIP is exclusively expressed in the dermal layer of skin, and not in the epidermal layer of skin (nd not detected). Samples derived from the dermal layer are denoted with ‘D’, samples derived from the epidermal layer are denoted with ‘E’. Sample 1 has the rs1885120-CC genotype, with a dark skin phenotype, sample 2 has the rs1885120-CC genotype, with a light skin phenotype, sample 3 has the rs1885120-CT genotype, with a light skin phenotypeCC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 54 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–173 of 173

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Liu, F., Visser, M., Duffy, D. L., Hysi, P. G., Jacobs, L. C., Lao, O., Zhong, K., Walsh, S., Chaitanya, L., Wollstein, A., Zhu, G., Montgomery, G. W., Henders, A. K., Mangino, M., Glass, D., Bataille, V., Sturm, R. A., Rivadeneira, F., Hofman, A., van IJcken, W. F. J., Uitterlinden, A. G., Palstra, R.-J. T. S., Spector, T. D., Martin, N. G., Nijsten, T. E. C., & Kayser, M.
Affiliations
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • Translational Research Institute (AU)
Corresponding author
  • Liu, Fan
  • Kayser, Manfred
ORCID
Venue
Human Genetics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2015-05-12
Volume
134
Issue
8
Pages
823-835
ISSN
  • 0018-7348 (ISSN-L)
  • 0340-6717
  • 1432-1203
DOI
10.1007/s00439-015-1559-0
PMC
PMC4495261
OpenAlex
W1750145230
Cited by
172
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4
FWCI
9.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Human Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PMC
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0514-10027)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (911-03-012, 175.010.200)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/N01104X/1)
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (G20234)
  • National Eye Institute (R01EY018246)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD050735, HD50735)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
Keywords
skin color, pigmentation genetics, ASIP, SLC45A2, IRF4, MC1R, gene expression regulation, General Social Survey, forensic anthropology, European populations
MeSH terms
Interferon Regulatory Factor-4, Antigens, Neoplasm, Chromosomes, Human, Female, Follow-Up Studies, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skin Pigmentation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, Membrane Transport Proteins, White People, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Interferon Regulatory Factors, Agouti Signaling Protein, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Loci

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review