The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiscale wolf predation risk for elk: does migration reduce risk?
Abstract
While migration is hypothesized to reduce predation risk for ungulates, there have been few direct empirical tests of this hypothesis. Furthermore, few studies examined multiscale predation risk avoidance by migrant ungulates, yet recent research reveals that predator-prey interactions occur at multiple scales. We test the predation risk reduction hypothesis at two spatial scales in a partially migratory elk (Cervus elaphus) population by comparing exposure of migrant and resident elk to wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk. We used GPS and VHF telemetry data collected from 67 migrant and 44 resident elk over the summers of 2002-2004 in and adjacent to Banff National Park (BNP), Canada. We used wolf GPS and VHF telemetry data to estimate predation risk as a function of the relative probability of wolf occurrence weighted by a spatial density model that adjusted for varying pack sizes. We validated the predation risk model using independent data on wolf-killed elk, and showed that combining wolf presence and spatial density best predicted where an elk was likely to be killed. Predation risk on summer ranges of migrant elk was reduced by 70% compared to within resident elk summer ranges. Because wolves avoided areas near high human activity, however, fine-scale selection by resident elk for areas near high human activity reduced their predation risk exposure to only 15% higher than migrants, a difference significant in only one of three summers. Finally, during actual migration, elk were exposed to 1.7 times more predation risk than residents, even though migration was rapid. Our results support the hypothesis that large-scale migrations can reduce predation. However, we also show that where small-scale spatial variation in predation risk exists, nonmigratory elk may equally reduce predation risk as effectively as migrants under some circumstances.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“After arriving on high-elevation summer ranges, northern temperate migrants continue to benefit from high forage quality associated with cool weather and prolonged snowmelt, allowing them to attain higher body mass and pregnancy rates than their resident counterparts (Albon andLangvatn 1992, Hebblewhite andMerrill 2007).”
From Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd (2013) · cites this paper as Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007
In the citing paper
“For instance, in the Serengeti Ecosystem, predation was found to be lower for migratory than for resident wildebeest (Sinclair 1984), and in Alberta, migratory elk reduced their wolf exposure by 70% in comparison with resident elk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
From Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd (2013) · cites this paper as Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007
Citations
Cites
Kernel Methods for Estimating the Utilization Distribution in Home‐Range Studies
Worton, B. J. (1989) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938423 · Cited by 4,185
Hamilton, W. D. (1971) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5 · Cited by 3,506
Evaluating resource selection functions
Boyce, M. S., Vernier, P. R., Nielsen, S. E., & Schmiegelow, F. K. A. (2002) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00200-4 · Cited by 2,628
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling
Skrondal, A., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (2004) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203489437 · Cited by 2,299
Human-caused Disturbance Stimuli as a Form of Predation Risk
Frid, A., & Dill, L. M. (2002) · Conservation Ecology · doi:10.5751/es-00404-060111 · Cited by 1,920
Populations in a Seasonal Environment.
Cody, M. L., & Fretwell, S. D. (1973) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2406975 · Cited by 1,698
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling: Multilevel, Longitudinal, and Structural Equation Models
Skrondal, A., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (2004) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 1,505
Wolves influence elk movements: Behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
Fortin, D., Beyer, H. L., Boyce, M. S., Smith, D. W., Duchesne, T., & Mao, J. S. (2005) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/04-0953 · Cited by 1,351 · cited 6×
“…risk Numerous studies have shown that predator habitat selection can influence herbivore perception of risk (e.g. Johnson et al. 2002a, 2002b; Fortin et al. 2005; Mao et al. 2005), and other studies show that indices of spatial density influence risk (Anderson et al. 2005; Gude et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialMech, L. D., & Boitani, L. (2003) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226516981.001.0001 · Cited by 1,122
UNEQUALLY SPACED PANEL DATA REGRESSIONS WITH AR(1) DISTURBANCES
Baltagi, B. H., & Wu, P. (1999) · Econometric Theory · doi:10.1017/s0266466699156020 · Cited by 975
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Craighead JJ, Atwell G, O’Gara BW (1972) Elk migration in and near Yellowstone National Park. Wildl Monogr 29:1–52
- Holland WD, Coen GM (1983) Ecological (biophysical) land classification of Banff and Jasper National Parks; vol. 1: Summary. Alberta Institute of Pedology, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Thurber JM, Peterson RO, Drummer TD, Thomasma TA (1994) Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildl Soc Bull 22:61–68
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk
Altizer, S., Bartel, R. A., & Han, B. A. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194694 · Cited by 971
The ecology and evolution of partial migration
Chapman, B. B., Brönmark, C., Nilsson, J., & Hansson, L. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20131.x · Cited by 802
“Th ese tradeoff s are possible as migration is a costly strategy: concerted movement is energetically demanding and migration itself can be risky as migratory routes become targets for predators (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundA MULTI‐SCALE TEST OF THE FORAGE MATURATION HYPOTHESIS IN A PARTIALLY MIGRATORY UNGULATE POPULATION
Hebblewhite, M., Merrill, E. H., & McDermid, G. J. (2008) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/06-1708.1 · Cited by 469
Self-citationA model-driven approach to quantify migration patterns: individual, regional and yearly differences
Bunnefeld, N., Börger, L., Moorter, B. F. A. V., Rolandsen, C. M., Dettki, H., Solberg, E. J., & Ericsson, G. (2010) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01776.x · Cited by 455
Frair, J. L., Fieberg, J., Hebblewhite, M., Cagnacci, F., DeCesare, N. J., & Pedrotti, L. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0084 · Cited by 421
Self-citationThe need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates.
Bolger, D. T., Newmark, W. D., Morrison, T. A., & Doak, D. F. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01109.x · Cited by 410
“A particularly powerful approach would be to contrast the life history patterns for coexisting migratory and non-migratory sub-populations (e.g. Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundHebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H. (2008) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01466.x · Cited by 408
Self-citationA Migratory Northern Ungulate in the Pursuit of Spring: Jumping or Surfing the Green Wave?
Bischof, R., Loe, L. E., Meisingset, E. L., Zimmermann, B., Moorter, B. F. A. V., & Mysterud, A. (2012) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/667590 · Cited by 423
Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-2090.1 · Cited by 380
“We modeled risk separately for night and day because wolf selection for human activity varied temporally (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationIdentifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape‐level conservation
Sawyer, H., Kauffman, M. J., Nielson, R. M., & Horne, J. S. (2009) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/08-2034.1 · Cited by 317
“Migration is an adaptive behavioral strategy that allows ungulates to avoid resource shortages (Baker 1978) and possibly reduce the risk of predation (Fryxell and Sinclair 1988, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundLife‐history characteristics of mule deer: Effects of nutrition in a variable environment
Monteith, K. L., Bleich, V. C., Stephenson, T. R., Pierce, B. M., Conner, M. M., Kie, J. G., & Bowyer, R. T. (2014) · Wildlife Monographs · doi:10.1002/wmon.1011 · Cited by 297
Middleton, A. D., Kauffman, M. J., McWhirter, D. E., Cook, J. G., Cook, R. C., Nelson, A. A., Jimenez, M. D., & Klaver, R. W. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/11-2298.1 · Cited by 268
“…summer ranges, northern temperate migrants continue to benefit from high forage quality associated with cool weather and prolonged snowmelt, allowing them to attain higher body mass and pregnancy rates than their resident counterparts (Albon and Langvatn 1992, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundFunctional connectivity of the world’s protected areas
Brennan, A., Naidoo, R., Greenstreet, L., Mehrabi, Z., Ramankutty, N., & Kremen, C. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abl8974 · Cited by 273
From migration to nomadism: movement variability in a northern ungulate across its latitudinal range
Singh, N. J., Börger, L., Dettki, H., Bunnefeld, N., & Ericsson, G. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/12-0245.1 · Cited by 253
“Frair et al. (2005) showed that the scale of movement by elk (Cervus elaphus) depends upon the heterogeneity in forage resources and predation risk, whereas Hebblewhite and Merrill (2007) have shown that large-scale migration reduces predation risk for elk.”
BackgroundA landscape theory for food web architecture.
Rooney, N., McCann, K. S., & Moore, J. C. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01193.x · Cited by 245
“For example, within some food webs, consumers can be more mobile compared with their predators despite their similar size (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundSpatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern north America
Lesmeister, D. B., Nielsen, C. K., Schauber, E. M., & Hellgren, E. C. (2015) · Wildlife Monographs · doi:10.1002/wmon.1015 · Cited by 248
CONDITION‐DEPENDENT INDIVIDUAL DECISION‐MAKING DETERMINES CYPRINID PARTIAL MIGRATION
Brodersen, J., Nilsson, P. A., Hansson, L., Skov, C., & Brönmark, C. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1318.1 · Cited by 236
Gravel-bed river floodplains are the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes
Hauer, F. R., Locke, H., Dreitz, V. J., Hebblewhite, M., Lowe, W. H., Muhlfeld, C. C., Nelson, C. R., Proctor, M. F., & Rood, S. B. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600026 · Cited by 244
“Spring migratory corridors of their prey, from winter ranges to alpine summer ranges, follow valley bottoms, passing close to active wolf dens (54) and increasing the likelihood of successful predation during spring and fall (55).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTwo hundred years of zooplankton vertical migration research
Bandara, K., Varpe, Ø., Wijewardene, L., Tverberg, V., & Eiane, K. (2021) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12715 · Cited by 250
Mysterud, A., Loe, L. E., Zimmermann, B., Bischof, R., Veiberg, V., & Meisingset, E. L. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19439.x · Cited by 214
Griffin, K. A., Hebblewhite, M., Robinson, H. S., Zager, P., Barber-Meyer, S. M., Christianson, D., Creel, S., Harris, N. C., Hurley, M. A., Jackson, D. H., et al. (2011) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01856.x · Cited by 201
Self-citationHuman Activity Differentially Redistributes Large Mammals in the Canadian Rockies National Parks
Rogala, J. K., Hebblewhite, M., Whittington, J., White, C. A., Coleshill, J., & Musiani, M. (2011) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-04251-160316 · Cited by 205
“Wildlife data and habitat selection We obtained wolf and elk Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry locations from previous research in the study area (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Hebblewhite et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOn the adaptive benefits of mammal migration
Avgar, T., Street, G. M., & Fryxell, J. M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0076 · Cited by 198
Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges
(2017) · Springer Series on Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2 · Cited by 197
Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19436.x · Cited by 194
Self-citationResource waves: phenological diversity enhances foraging opportunities for mobile consumers
Armstrong, J. B., Takimoto, G., Schindler, D. E., Hayes, M. M., & Kauffman, M. J. (2016) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-0554.1 · Cited by 192
“…physical transport of downstream flow, fish migrations can funnel trophic resources down branched stream networks, and analogous phenomena occur as landscape morphology and ocean currents constrain the migration routes of terrestrial and marine animals, respectively (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundThe many faces of fear: a synthesis of the methodological variation in characterizing predation risk
Moll, R. J., Redilla, K. M., Mudumba, T., Muneza, A., Gray, S. M., Abade, L., Hayward, M. W., Millspaugh, J. J., & Montgomery, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12680 · Cited by 168
“Conversely, other behaviors explicitly aimed at avoiding encounters altogether, such as seasonal migrations, appear to be more common when predator presence is spatiotemporally concentrated (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Valeix et al. 2009, Thaker et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialA framework for understanding semi‐permeable barrier effects on migratory ungulates
Sawyer, H., Kauffman, M. J., Middleton, A. D., Morrison, T. A., Nielson, R. M., & Wyckoff, T. B. (2012) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12013 · Cited by 163
“…the ecological benefits of migration, which can include tracking gradients in high-quality forage (McNaughton 1985; Wilmshurst et al. 1999), accessing water holes (Williamson & Williamson 1984; Bolger et al. 2008) and reducing predation (Fryxell & Sinclair 1988; Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
Thresholds in landscape connectivity and mortality risks in response to growing road networks
Frair, J. L., Merrill, E. H., Beyer, H. L., & Morales, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01526.x · Cited by 161
“In fact, in some cases, human activities may create predation refugia for elk (Hebblewhite et al. 2005; Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007), with roads potentially becoming an attractive rather than a repulsive force.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLongest terrestrial migrations and movements around the world
Joly, K., Gurarie, E. D., Sorum, M. S., Kaczensky, P., Cameron, M. D., Jakes, A. F., Borg, B. L., Dejid, N., Hopcraft, J. G. C., Buuveibaatar, B., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51884-5 · Cited by 170
Self-citationREVIEW: Can habitat selection predict abundance?
Boyce, M. S., Johnson, C. J., Merrill, E. H., Nielsen, S. E., Solberg, E. J., & Moorter, B. F. A. V. (2015) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12359 · Cited by 148
“However, animals can have a range of movement strategies with implications for distribution and ultimately fitness (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007, Morrant & Petit 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBehavioural flexibility in migratory behaviour in a long‐lived large herbivore
Eggeman, S., Hebblewhite, M., Bohm, H., Whittington, J., & Merrill, E. H. (2016) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12495 · Cited by 141
“Female migratory elk in our system experienced reduced predation risk and enhanced access to forage quality in summer (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007; Hebblewhite, Merrill & McDermid 2008), but slightly higher predation risk during migration itself.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHeterogeneity as the Basis for Rangeland Management
Fuhlendorf, S. D., Fynn, R. W. S., McGranahan, D. A., & Twidwell, D. (2017) · Springer series on environmental management · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_5 · Cited by 142
“…in transhumance systems as well as wildlife such as bison, elk, and bighorn sheep track this high- quality green wave upslope into higher altitude regions during the growing season (Festa-Bianchet 1988; Albon and Langvatn 1992; Frank et al. 1998; Omer et al. 2006; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundDesigning studies of predation risk for improved inference in carnivore-ungulate systems
Prugh, L. R., Sivy, K. J., Mahoney, P. J., Ganz, T. R., Ditmer, M. A., van de Kerk, M., Gilbert, S. L., & Montgomery, R. A. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.011 · Cited by 153
The scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates
Kittle, A. M., Fryxell, J. M., Desy, G. E., & Hamr, J. (2008) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1051-9 · Cited by 130
“trails used by wolves when human presence is low might be selected by ungulates to avoid wolves when human presence is high) ( Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialChapman, B. B., Hulthén, K., Wellenreuther, M., Hansson, L., Nilsson, J.-Å., & Brönmark, C. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677184.001.0001 · Cited by 130
Altitudinal migration: ecological drivers, knowledge gaps, and conservation implications
Hsiung, A. C., Boyle, W., Cooper, R. J., & Chandler, R. B. (2018) · Biological Reviews of The Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12435 · Cited by 112
Hopcraft, J. G. C., Morales, J. M., Beyer, H. L., Borner, M., Mwangomo, E., SINCLAIR, A. R. E., Olff, H., & Haydon, D. T. (2014) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/13-1446.1 · Cited by 128
“However, the role of predation in shaping mammal migrations has received relatively little attention, with the notable exception of elk in North America (Frair et al. 2005, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundSmith, J. A., Donadío, E., Pauli, J. N., Sheriff, M. J., & Middleton, A. D. (2019) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04381-5 · Cited by 127
Understanding scales of movement: animals ride waves and ripples of environmental change
Moorter, B. F. A. V., Bunnefeld, N., Panzacchi, M., Rolandsen, C. M., Solberg, E. J., & Sæther, B. (2013) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12045 · Cited by 121
Population trends in Vermivora warblers are linked to strong migratory connectivity
Kramer, G. R., Andersen, D. E., Buehler, D. A., Wood, P. B., Peterson, S. M., Lehman, J. A., Aldinger, K. R., Bulluck, L. P., Harding, S. R., Jones, J. A., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1718985115 · Cited by 127
Causes, Consequences, and Conservation of Ungulate Migration
Kauffman, M. J., Aikens, E. O., Esmaeili, S., Kaczensky, P., Middleton, A. D., Monteith, K. L., Morrison, T. A., Mueller, T., Sawyer, H., & Goheen, J. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-011516 · Cited by 123
“The potential for migration to buffer against or provide demographic escape from predation has been an influential hypothesis, albeit one with equivocal support (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundPrevalence and Mechanisms of Partial Migration in Ungulates
Berg, J., Hebblewhite, M., Clair, C. C. S., & Merrill, E. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00325 · Cited by 104
Self-citationSuraci, J. P., Smith, J. A., Chamaillé‐Jammes, S., Gaynor, K. M., Jones, M. E., Luttbeg, B., Ritchie, E. G., Sheriff, M. J., & Sih, A. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.09004 · Cited by 102
Restoring apex predators can reduce mesopredator abundances
Jímenez, J., Nuñez-Arjona, J. C., Mougeot, F., Ferreras, P., González, L. M., García‐Dominguez, F., Múñoz‐Igualada, J., Palacios, M. J., Pla, S., Rueda, C., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108234 · Cited by 101
“…the ecological roles of apex carnivores is well illustrated by the case of the Yellowstone wolves, for which there is disagreement about the mechanisms involved in the trophic cascades mediated by this species (e.g. Creel et al., 2005; Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007; Kauffman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMigration of northern Yellowstone elk: implications of spatial structuring
White, P. J. C., Proffitt, K. M., Mech, L. D., Evans, S. B., Cunningham, J. A., & Hamlin, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/08-mamm-a-252.1 · Cited by 94
“We did not detect higher predation risk for elk during migration, in contrast to other recent studies from the Canadian Rockies and elsewhere (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), likely because migration distanced elk from the mostconcentrated area of wolf activity in YNP (i.e., northern winter range).”
BackgroundResultSawyer, H., Middleton, A. D., Hayes, M. M., Kauffman, M. J., & Monteith, K. L. (2016) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1534 · Cited by 87
“…beneficial, because the nutritional benefit of time spent in such habitats can be amplified by accessing forage plants that are near peak digestibility and protein content as animals exploit phenological gradients (Albon and Langvatn 1992, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Sawyer and Kauffman 2011).”
BackgroundHuman disturbance effects and cumulative habitat loss in endangered migratory caribou
Plante, S., Dussault, C., Richard, J. H., & Côté, S. D. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.05.022 · Cited by 84
“Migration, for example, enables individuals to track high-quality food resources and escape predation (Fryxell et al., 1988; Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007), so any disturbance of movements could reduce population ability to persist in changing environments (Berger, 2004; Bolger et al.”
BackgroundAnderson, A. M., Duijns, S., Smith, P. A., Friis, C. A., & Nol, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00251 · Cited by 84
“, 2015) while also reducing predation risk (Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007; McKinnon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGreater migratory propensity in hosts lowers pathogen transmission and impacts
Hall, R. J., Altizer, S., & Bartel, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12204 · Cited by 81
“Moreover, long-distance migration has already been shown to reduce predation risks for ungulates and birds (McKinnon et al. 2010; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), with the underlying rationale being that the survival costs of migration are outweighed by the fitness benefits associated with predator…”
BackgroundCalvert, A. M., Walde, S. J., & Taylor, P. D. (2009) · Avian Conservation and Ecology · doi:10.5751/ace-00335-040205 · Cited by 83
“…and Peterson 2003 mapping of migration vs. shipping routes marine mammals Firestone et al. 2008 predation risk to migrants vs. residents ungulates Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007 Habitat modeling importance of stopover habitat birds (general) Tankersley and Orvis 2003 Evolutionary programming…”
BackgroundMethodPredation landscapes influence migratory prey ecology and evolution
Sabal, M. C., Boyce, M. S., Charpentier, C. L., Furey, N. B., Luhring, T. M., Martin, H. W., Melnychuk, M. C., Srygley, R. B., Wagner, C. M., Wirsing, A. J., et al. (2021) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.010 · Cited by 80
White, K. S., Barten, N. L., Crouse, S., & Crouse, J. A. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/13-0054.1 · Cited by 80
Partial migration: an introduction
Chapman, B. B., Brönmark, C., Nilsson, J., & Hansson, L. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20070.x · Cited by 78
Paton, D., Ciuti, S., Quinn, M., & Boyce, M. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1841 · Cited by 69
“…e01841 Several recent studies have investigated the disruption to migratory behavior (Bolger et al. 2008, Holdo et al. 2011, Lendrum et al. 2012) and the primary mechanisms of animal migration (Mysterud et al. 2001, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Voeten et al. 2010, Milner-Gulland et al. 2011).”
BackgroundRolandsen, C. M., Solberg, E. J., Sæther, B., Moorter, B. F. A. V., Herfindal, I., & Bjørneraas, K. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.02996 · Cited by 84
“Migration can also lead to relaxed density dependence (Nelson 1995, Geremia et al. 2011, Griswold et al. 2011, Mysterud et al. 2011) and reduced predation risk (Bergerud et al. 1983, Fryxell et al. 1988, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, McKinnon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundWyckoff, T. B., Sawyer, H., Albeke, S. E., Garman, S. L., & Kauffman, M. J. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2113 · Cited by 75
Landscape Level Variation in Tick Abundance Relative to Seasonal Migration in Red Deer
Qviller, L., Risnes-Olsen, N., Bærum, K. M., Meisingset, E. L., Loe, L. E., Ytrehus, B., Viljugrein, H., & Mysterud, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071299 · Cited by 74
“It is well established that many deer species migrate to areas with lower risk of predation [1,9].”
BackgroundEvaluating apparent competition in limiting the recovery of an endangered ungulate
Johnson, H. E., Hebblewhite, M., Stephenson, T. R., German, D. W., Pierce, B. M., & Bleich, V. C. (2012) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2397-6 · Cited by 74
“To evaluate our next prediction, that cougar predation on bighorn sheep would occur within habitat that overlapped with deer, we determined whether each cougar-killed sheep was located within the 90 % KDE of deer winter range.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLinking Elk movement and resource selection to hunting pressure in a heterogeneous landscape
Cleveland, S. M., Hebblewhite, M., Thompson, M., & Henderson, R. S. (2012) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.182 · Cited by 71
Self-citationPanzacchi, M., Moorter, B. F. A. V., Jordhøy, P., & Strand, O. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9793-5 · Cited by 69
“…food, increase the risk of population crashes due to density dependence (Fryxell and Sinclair 1988; Ferguson and Messier 2000), and to increase population vulnerability to predation (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007) and stochastic events, particularly at higher latitudes (Robinson et al. 2009).”
Body Size Variations in Caribou Ecotypes and Relationships With Demography
Couturier, S., Otto, R. D., Côté, S. D., LUTHER, G., & Mahoney, S. P. (2010) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2008-384 · Cited by 69
Yackulic, C. B., Yard, M. D., Korman, J., & Haverbeke, D. R. V. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.990 · Cited by 68
Density-dependent habitat selection and partitioning between two sympatric ungulates
van Beest, F. M., McLoughlin, P. D., Wal, E. V., & Brook, R. K. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-2978-7 · Cited by 64
“…while the opposite was observed at finer scales (home-range scale). scale-dependent habitat selection has been found for both elk (hebblewhite and Merrill 2007; Kittle et al. 2008) and moose (van Beest et al. 2010; Oehlers et al. 2011). however, estimates of fine-scale,…”
BackgroundParasite load and seasonal migration in red deer
Mysterud, A., Qviller, L., Meisingset, E. L., & Viljugrein, H. (2015) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3465-5 · Cited by 63
Trophic consequences of postfire logging in a wolf–ungulate system
Hebblewhite, M., Munro, R., & Merrill, E. H. (2008) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.11.009 · Cited by 61
“density of wolves, weighted by wolf pack size (Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHome range and migration patterns of male red deer Cervus elaphus in Western Carpathians
Kropil, R., Smolko, P., & Garaj, P. (2014) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-014-0874-4 · Cited by 60
“The effects of migration have been widely discussed (Albon and Langvatn 1992; Mysterud et al. 2001; Boyce et al. 2003; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007; Hebblewhite et al. 2008; Jarnemo 2008; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2009), and from a biological view, they have been described as a positive effect to…”
Fine-Scale Movements of the Broadnose Sevengill Shark and Its Main Prey, the Gummy Shark
Barnett, A., Abrantes, K. G., Stevens, J. D., Bruce, B. D., & Semmens, J. M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015464 · Cited by 58
“antarcticus in Norfolk Bay [21], movement into the water column at night could also be anti-predator behaviour, as fine-scale movement may mitigate predation risk [53–56].”
BackgroundA tendency to simplify complex systems
Montgomery, R. A., Moll, R. J., Say‐Sallaz, E., Valeix, M., & Prugh, L. R. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.001 · Cited by 64
“In Banff National Park, Canada, for example, predation risk experienced by elk predominantly derives from gray wolves (Hebblewhite et al., 2005a, b; Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007).”
BackgroundBastille‐Rousseau, G., Wall, J., Douglas‐Hamilton, I., Lesowapir, B., Loloju, B., Mwangi, N., & Wittemyer, G. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04240 · Cited by 53
Connectivity and bottlenecks in a migratory wildebeestConnochaetes taurinuspopulation
Morrison, T. A., & Bolger, D. T. (2014) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605313000537 · Cited by 53
“Ungulate migration is generally considered an adaptive strategy that provides prolonged access to high-quality forage, while reducing exposure to predation (Fryxell & Sinclair, 1988; Hebblewhite & Merrill, 2007).”
BackgroundMoll, R. J., Killion, A. K., Montgomery, R. A., Tambling, C. J., & Hayward, M. W. (2015) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-0707.1 · Cited by 56
Impacts of vehicle traffic on the distribution and behaviour of rutting elk, Cervus elaphus
Clair, C. C. S., & Forrest, A. (2009) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853909x410973 · Cited by 52
Silva, M. A., Borrell, A., Prieto, R., Gauffier, P., Bérubé, M., Palsbøll, P. J., & Colaço, A. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181800 · Cited by 57
Predicting areas important for ecological connectivity throughout Canada
Pither, R., O’Brien, P., Brennan, A., Hirsh‐Pearson, K., & Bowman, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281980 · Cited by 56
Animal cognition and culture mediate predator–prey interactions
Wooster, E. I. F., Gaynor, K. M., Carthey, A. J. R., Wallach, A. D., Stanton, L. A., Ramp, D., & Lundgren, E. J. (2023) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2023.09.012 · Cited by 53
Partial seasonal migration in high-arctic Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)
Hansen, B. B., Aanes, R., & Sæther, B. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z10-086 · Cited by 51
“In populations of less gregarious species, some individuals may migrate between distant or nearby seasonal ranges, whereas others do not (partial migration; Nicholson et al. 1997; Mysterud 1999; Ball et al. 2001; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007; White et al. 2007).”
BackgroundExtent-dependent habitat selection in a migratory large herbivore: road avoidance across scales
Prokopenko, C. M., Boyce, M. S., & Avgar, T. (2016) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-016-0451-1 · Cited by 51
Nelson, A. A., Kauffman, M. J., Middleton, A. D., Jimenez, M. D., McWhirter, D. E., Barber, J. J., & Gerow, K. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/11-1829.1 · Cited by 50
“In Banff National Park, elk thrived in and around the townsite of Banff, a pattern attributed to wolf avoidance of human activity in the area (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundUngulate migration, plant phenology, and large carnivores: The times they are a‐changin'
Mysterud, A. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0505.1 · Cited by 49
“Predation risk by wolves on summer ranges of migrant elk was 70% lower than that experienced by nonmigratory elk in the Canadian Rockies (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialNicholson, K. L., Milleret, C., Månsson, J., & Sand, H. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3004-9 · Cited by 49
Corre, M. L., Dussault, C., & Côté, S. D. (2014) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-014-0019-0 · Cited by 46
“Long-distance migration is one of the most impressive large-scale processes in ecology, which allows animals to follow seasonal changes in resource availability [1,2] and reduce predation risk [3,4].”
BackgroundMarginal predation: do encounter or confusion effects explain the targeting of prey group edges?
Duffield, C., & Ioannou, C. C. (2017) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arx090 · Cited by 45
“If prey groups were more mobile, as is commonly observed (Mills and Shenk 1992; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), predatory confusion could increase.”
BackgroundSurvival varies seasonally in a migratory bird: Linkages between breeding and non‐breeding periods
Robinson, R. A., Meier, C. M., Witvliet, W., Kéry, M., & Schaub, M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13250 · Cited by 43
Environmental change and the evolution of migration
Fryxell, J. M., & Holt, R. D. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0668.1 · Cited by 42
Changing migratory patterns in the Jackson elk herd
Cole, E. K., Foley, A. M., Warren, J. M., Smith, B. L., Dewey, S. R., Brimeyer, D. G., Fairbanks, W. S., Sawyer, H., & Cross, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.917 · Cited by 41
“There is likely a differential exposure to predation between SDM and LDM elk because SDM are likely partially buffered from predators (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundPredation risk tradeoffs in prey: effects on energy and behaviour
Khater, M., Murariu, D., & Gras, R. (2015) · Theoretical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s12080-015-0277-5 · Cited by 41
Roads constrain movement across behavioural processes in a partially migratory ungulate
Passoni, G., Coulson, T. N., Ranc, N., Corradini, A., Hewison, A. J. M., Ciuti, S., Gehr, B., Heurich, M., Brieger, F., Sandfort, R., et al. (2021) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-021-00292-4 · Cited by 39
“Seasonal migration allows individuals to exploit spatial variation in resource availability, potentially reducing intra-specific competition and, in some cases, predation risk [35, 50].”
BackgroundCarthey, A. J. R., Bytheway, J. P., & Banks, P. B. (2011) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01817.x · Cited by 39
Predator evasion by white-tailed deer fawns
Grovenburg, T. W., Monteith, K. L., Klaver, R. W., & Jenks, J. A. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.005 · Cited by 39
“Additionally, moose, Alces americanus, are more likely to be preyed upon farther from forested cover (Kunkel & Pletscher 2000), whereas turkey, Meleagris gallapavo, and elk have increased survival closer to roads and human disturbance (Thogmartin & Schaeffer 2000; Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundRobinson, B. G., & Merrill, E. H. (2013) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.02.004 · Cited by 39
Self-citationAnnual elk calf survival in a multiple carnivore system
Eacker, D., Hebblewhite, M., Proffitt, K., Jimenez, B., Mitchell, M. S., & Robinson, H. S. (2016) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.21133 · Cited by 40
“Our approach assumed that general patterns of resource selection are correlated with predation risk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCan We Accurately Characterize Wildlife Resource Use When Telemetry Data Are Imprecise?
Montgomery, R. A., Roloff, G. J., Hoef, J. M. V., & Millspaugh, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2010-019 · Cited by 37
“The second method incorporates telemetry error into a utilization distribution (UD) or kernel home range (Quinn 1995, Cox et al. 2006, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Land et al. 2008, Rittenhouse et al. 2008).”
MethodBrennan, A., Cross, P. C., & Creel, S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12514 · Cited by 36
“Wolves have been shown to avoid heavily used roads and human activity (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2008; Theuerkauf et al. 2010; Nelson et al. 2012), and thus, human use may create areas of refuge from wolf predation (Hebblewhite et al. 2005; Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundRobinson, B. G., Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H. (2010) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1620-6 · Cited by 35
“Recent studies on the YHT elk population compared the consequences of migrating versus being sedentary and found that migrant elk are exposed to higher quality forage (Hebblewhite et al. 2008) and lower predation risk ( Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007 ) than residents during the summer—yet the proportion of resident elk…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAlternative foraging strategies enable a mountain ungulate to persist after migration loss
Courtemanch, A. B., Kauffman, M. J., Kilpatrick, S., & Dewey, S. R. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1855 · Cited by 35
“Migratory individuals benefit by seeking out the highest quality forage available throughout the year (Fryxell and Sinclair 1988, Hebblewhite et al. 2008) and in some cases, lower their predation rates (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, 2011).”
BackgroundSpitz, D. B., Hebblewhite, M., Stephenson, T. R., & German, D. W. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2017-0367 · Cited by 35
“Migration and residency expose individuals to conditions that may differentially affect survival and reproduction (e.g., Adriaensen and Dhondt 1990; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSeasonal variation in the feeding ecology of pumas (Puma concolor) in northern California
Allen, M. L., Elbroch, L. M., Casady, D. S., & Wittmer, H. U. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0284 · Cited by 35
“We estimated the age for individuals >1 year based on tooth irruption and wear to the closest year based on Heffelfinger (2010).”
MethodHabitat selection by a focal predator (Canis lupus) in a multiprey ecosystem of the northern Rockies
Milakovic, B., Parker, K. L., Gustine, D. D., Lay, R. J., Walker, A. B. D., & Gillingham, M. P. (2011) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/10-mamm-a-040.1 · Cited by 31
“…in singleprey systems (e.g., elk [Cervus elaphus]—Hebblewhite et al. 2002), impacts on ungulate population dynamics associated with wolf predation risk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), and the ability of wolves to structure entire communities by mediating trophic cascades (Hebblewhite et al. 2005).”
BackgroundThe scaling of geographic ranges: implications for species distribution models
Yackulic, C. B., & Ginsberg, J. R. (2015) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0333-y · Cited by 29
“At the broadest spatial extent, contraction in historic times of the geographic range of the wolf is believed to have allowed coyotes to extend parts of their range (Gompper 2002) and may explain patterns of migratory and sedentary behavior in elk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007) as well as differences in mortality betw…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hebblewhite, Mark
- Venue
- Oecologia
- Published
- 2007-02-08
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 377-387
- ISSN
- 0029-8549 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1939
- OpenAlex
- W2010851808
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oecologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- elk migration, red deer, wolf, predator-prey interactions, pack size, Banff National Park
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Deer, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, Risk Factors, Wolves, Animal Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
