Geometry for the selfish herd
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Predator dilution effects require only that individuals remain close to each other.
“For example, predator dilution effects require only that individuals remain close to each other [28], as do some public goods in bacteria [18].”
From The social origins of consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
Cites
Adaptation and Natural Selection
Williams, G. C. (2008) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400820108 · Cited by 3,930 · see citing works
Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds
Keast, A., & Lack, D. L. (1970) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/2874 · Cited by 3,877 · see citing works
Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour
(1962) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1962.tb08690.x · Cited by 2,075 · see citing works
The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior
Hamilton, W. D. O. (1963) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/497114 · Cited by 2,062 · see citing works
Self-citationInquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
Galton, F. (1883) · MacMillan Co eBooks · doi:10.1037/14178-000 · Cited by 1,851 · see citing works
Inquiries into human faculty and its development.
Galton, F. (1919) · Dent eBooks · doi:10.1037/10913-000 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Evans, U. R. (1945) · Transactions of the Faraday Society · doi:10.1039/tf9454100365 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Wickler, W. (1968) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Random Subdivisions of Space into Crystals
Gilbert, E. N. (1962) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704464 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
"Typical Intensity" and Its Relation To the Problem of Ritualisation
Morris, D. (1957) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853956x00057 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
(1953) · AIBS Bulletin · doi:10.1093/aibsbulletin/3.5.13-e · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Adriaanse, A. (1948) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853948x00010 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Miller, R. R., Allee, W. C., & Schmidt, K. P. (1952) · Copeia · doi:10.2307/1437640 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
On Some Aspects of Spatial Pattern in Biological Populations
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1955) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.121.3142.397 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Walford, L. A., Hesse, R., Allee, W. C., & Schmidt, K. P. (1937) · Copeia · doi:10.2307/1436962 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Studies On the Social Behaviour of Quelea Q. Quelea (Linn.) in French West Africa
Crook, J. H. (1960) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853960x00016 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Some Observations of the Behavior of Schools of Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico and Adjacent Waters
Springer, S. (1957) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1932154 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
I., A. D. (1940) · Nature · doi:10.1038/146447c0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Observations on the Feeding Behavior of White-Tip Sharks on Schooling Fishes
Bullis, H. R. (1961) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1933289 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(1976) · Cited by 10,423 · see citing works
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541 · see citing works
A novel swarm intelligence optimization approach: sparrow search algorithm
Xue, J., & Shen, B. (2020) · Systems Science & Control Engineering · doi:10.1080/21642583.2019.1708830 · Cited by 3,915 · see citing works
The Evolution of Social Behavior
Alexander, R. D. (1974) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545 · Cited by 3,855 · see citing works
The Social Organisation of Antelope in Relation To Their Ecology
Jarman, P. J. (1974) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853974x00345 · Cited by 2,194 · see citing works
Complexity, Pattern, and Evolutionary Trade-Offs in Animal Aggregation
Parrish, J. K., & Leah Edelstein-keshet, A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.99 · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
Stearns, S. C., & Koella, J. C. (1986) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00560.x · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
From Disorder to Order in Marching Locusts
Buhl, C., Sumpter, D. J. T., Couzin, I. D., Hale, J. J., Despland, E., Miller, E. R., & Simpson, S. J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1125142 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
survival with an asymmetrical brain: advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization
Vallortígara, G., & Rogers, L. J. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000105 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
PREDATOR VIGILANCE AND GROUP SIZE IN MAMMALS AND BIRDS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
ELGAR, M. A. (1989) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1989.tb00636.x · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
Sachs, J. L., Mueller, U. G., Wilcox, T. P., & Bull, J. J. (2004) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/383541 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Population Responses to Patchy Environments
Wiens, J. A. (1976) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.07.110176.000501 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
The principles of collective animal behaviour
Sumpter, D. J. T. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1733 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts
Pitcher, T. J. (1986) · The Behaviour of Teleost Fishes · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8261-4_12 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates
Couzin, I. D., & Krause, J. (2003) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(03)01001-5 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases
Roberts, G. (1996) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0109 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Nepotism and the Evolution of Alarm Calls
Sherman, P. W. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.197.4310.1246 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Herd Behaviour and Cascading in Capital Markets: a Review and Synthesis
Hirshleifer, D. A., & Teoh, S. H. (2003) · European Financial Management · doi:10.1111/1468-036x.00207 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Dynamical aspects of animal grouping: Swarms, schools, flocks, and herds
OKUBO, A. (1986) · Advances in Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0065-227x(86)90003-1 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
The Ontogenesis of Social Dominance: A Strategy-Based Evolutionary Perspective
Hawley, P. H. (1999) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.1998.0470 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Embodied Cognition is Not What you Think it is
Wilson, A. D., & Golonka, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00058 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Savino, J. F., & Stein, R. A. (1982) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows
Barnard, C. J., & Sibly, R. M. (1981) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(81)80117-0 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Oddity and the ‘confusion effect’ in predation
Landeau, L., & Terborgh, J. (1986) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80208-1 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Social status and health in humans and other animals
Sapolsky, R. M. (2004) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144000 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: Five strategies
Hart, B. L. (1990) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80038-7 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Grazing Lawns: Animals in Herds, Plant Form, and Coevolution
McNaughton, S. J. (1984) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284321 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change
Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, J., & Feldman, M. W. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00002417 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Boucher, D. H., James, S., & Keeler, K. H. (1982) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001531 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Why Lions Form Groups: Food is Not Enough
Packer, C., Scheel, D., & Pusey, A. E. (1990) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285079 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
The evolutionary advantages of group foraging
Clark, C., & Mangel, M. (1986) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(86)90024-9 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect
Foster, W. A., & Treherne, J. E. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/293466a0 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Evolutionary and continuous stability
Eshel, I. (1983) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(83)90201-1 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts
Pitcher, T. J., & Parrish, J. K. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1578-0_12 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
The Social Structure of Free-Ranging Bottlenose Dolphins
Wells, R. S., Scott, M. D., & Irvine, A. B. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9909-5_7 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
A Modern History Theory of Functions
Godfrey‐Smith, P. (1994) · Noûs · doi:10.2307/2216063 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
TIT FOR TAT in sticklebacks and the evolution of cooperation
Milinski, M. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325433a0 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
The socioecology of elephants: analysis of the processes creating multitiered social structures
Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I., & Getz, W. M. (2005) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.08.018 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates
Lott, D. F. (1984) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853984x00353 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Evolution of Diversity in Warning Color and Mimicry: Polymorphisms, Shifting Balance, and Speciation
Mallet, J., & Joron, M. (1999) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.201 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Kunz, T. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3421-7_1 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
On the size distribution of Poisson Voronoi cells
Járai-Szabó, F., & Néda, Z. (2007) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2007.07.063 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds
Koenig, W. D., & Dickinson, J. L. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606816 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system
Mobbs, D., Hagan, C. C., Dalgleish, T., Silston, B., & Prévost, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00055 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Neill, S. R. J., & Cullen, J. M. (1974) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04385.x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Social Barriers to Pathogen Transmission in Wild Animal Populations
Loehle, C. (1995) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941192 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF MATING SYSTEMS
Borgia, G. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-108750-0.50008-2 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Effects of parasites on fish behaviour: a review and evolutionary perspective
Barber, I., Hoare, D., & Krause, J. (2000) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1023/a:1016658224470 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
THE ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF COLONIALITY IN BIRDS
Wittenberger, J. F., & Hunt, G. L. (1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-249408-6.50010-8 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
ON THE DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF DOMINANCE AND TERRITORIALITY
Kaufmann, J. H. (1983) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1983.tb00379.x · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Raafat, R. M., Chater, N., & Frith, C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.002 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Foraging Strategies of Insects
Hassell, M. P., & Southwood, T. R. E. (1978) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.000451 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Prey preferences of the lion (<i>Panthera leo</i>)
Hayward, M. W., & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836905007508 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Britton, N. F. (1990) · SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1137/0150099 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats
Bradbury, J. W., & Vehrencamp, S. L. (1976) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00299399 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Aggregation, migration and population mechanics
Taylor, L. R., & Taylor, R. A. J. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/265415a0 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Dixon, J. A., Levine, M., Reicher, S. D., & Durrheim, K. L. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11002214 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
SCHOOLING BEHAVIOR IN THE GUPPY (POECILIA RETICULATA ): AN EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE TO PREDATION
Seghers, B. H. (1974) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00774.x · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses
Ruckstuhl, K. E., & Neuhaus, P. (2002) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s1464793101005814 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Adaptation, Learning, and Optimization over Networks
Sayed, A. H. (2014) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601988515 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
HATCHING ASYNCHRONY IN ALTRICIAL BIRDS
Magrath, R. D. (1990) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1990.tb01239.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY OF FOOD WEBS: COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN TEMPORARY PONDS
Wilbur, H. M. (1997) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2279:eeofwc]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Attack Abatement: A Model for Group Protection by Combined Avoidance and Dilution
Turner, G. F., & Pitcher, T. J. (1986) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284556 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Vigilance for predators: detection and dilution effects
Delm, M. (1990) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00171099 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Non‐lethal effects of predation in birds
Cresswell, W. R. (2008) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00793.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
FLOCKING AND FEEDING IN THE GREAT TIT PARUS MAJOR–AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Krebs, J. R., MacRoberts, M. H., & Cullen, J. M. (1972) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1972.tb00852.x · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Provenance, shoal size and the sociobiology of predator-evasion behaviour in minnow shoals
Magurran, A. E., & Pitcher, T. J. (1987) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1987.0004 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
The scaffolded mind: higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world.
Williams, L. E., Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.665 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Time Budgeting and Group Size: A Test of Theory
Caraco, T. B. (1979) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1936082 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Vigilance and group size in ostriches
Bertram, B. C. R. (1980) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80030-3 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Sexual Segregation in Ungulates: New Directions for Research
Main, M. B., Weckerly, F. W., & Bleich, V. C. (1996) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1382821 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
The Effects of Leopard Predation On Grouping Patterns in Forest Chimpanzees
Boesch, C. (1991) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853991x00544 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Personality and social context
Webster, M., & Ward, A. J. W. (2010) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00169.x · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-2090.1 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
A particle swarm optimizer with passive congregation
He, S., Wu, Q., Wen, J., Saunders, J. R., & Paton, R. C. (2004) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.08.003 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Hendrichs, J., ROBINSON, A. S., Cayol, J. P., & Enkerlin, W. (2002) · Florida Entomologist · doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0001:masitp]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Evolutionary Theory and Archaeology
Dunnell, R. C. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-003103-0.50007-1 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
The population biology of invaders
Crawley, M. J. (1986) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0082 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Predatory Fish Select for Coordinated Collective Motion in Virtual Prey
Ioannou, C. C., Guttal, V., & Couzin, I. D. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1218919 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Group Selection, Altruism, and the Levels of Organization of Life
Alexander, R. D., & Bargia, G. (1978) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.002313 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Why do birds participate in mixed-species foraging flocks? A large-scale synthesis
Sridhar, H., Beauchamp, G., & Shanker, K. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.05.008 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Theory and method in studies of vigilance and aggregation
Treves, A. (2000) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1528 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
The Adaptive Significance of Avian Mobbing
Curio, E., Ernst, U., & Vieth, W. (1978) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00255.x · Cited by 362 · see citing works
The adaptive significance of schooling as an anti-predator defense in fish
Magurran, A. E. (1990) · Annales Zoologici Fennici · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Learning the evolutionarily stable strategy
Harley, C. B. (1981) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(81)90032-1 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Going along versus going alone: When fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non)conformity.
Griskevicius, V., Goldstein, N. J., Mortensen, C. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.281 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Increased tolerance to humans among disturbed wildlife
Samia, D. S. M., Nakagawa, S., Nomura, F., Rangel, T. F., & Blumstein, D. T. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9877 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Biological evolution of the Saussurean sign as a component of the language acquisition device
Hurford, J. R. (1989) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/0024-3841(89)90015-6 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Pratt, H. L., & Carrier, J. C. (2001) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1023/a:1007656126281 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Baboons, Space, Time, and Energy
Altmann, S. A. (1974) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/14.1.221 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Redefining the social link: from baboons to humans
Strum, S. C., & Latour, B. (1987) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/053901887026004004 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs
Rands, S. A., Cowlishaw, G., Pettifor, R. A., Rowcliffe, J. M., & Johnstone, R. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01630 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Avian flocking in the presence of a predator
Caraco, T. B., Martindale, S., & Pulliam, H. R. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/285400a0 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Do animals really recognize kin?
Grafen, A. (1990) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80724-9 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Evolution of Eusociality in Termites
Thorne, B. L. (1997) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.27 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Vigilance Behaviour in Grazing African Antelopes
Underwood, R. (1982) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853982x00193 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The Food Searching Behaviour of Two European Thrushes. Ii: the Adaptiveness of the Search Patterns
SMITH, J. N. M. (1974) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853974x00390 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Mutual interactions, potentials, and individual distance in a social aggregation
Mogilner, A., Bent, L., Spiros, Ä., & Leah Edelstein-keshet, A. (2003) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s00285-003-0209-7 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Animal Grouping for Protection From Parasites: Selfish Herd and Encounter-Dilution Effects
Mooring, M. S., & Hart, B. L. (1992) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853992x00011 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Temporal Partitioning of Activity in Large African Carnivores: Tests of Multiple Hypotheses
Hayward, M. W., & Slotow, R. (2009) · South African Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.3957/056.039.0207 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hamilton, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hamilton, W.D.
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1971-05
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 295-311
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998143474
- Cited by
- 3,506
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 21.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- gregariousness, animal aggregation, predator avoidance, geometric probability, selection theory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anura, Behavior, Animal, Breeding, Communication, Biological Evolution, Fear, Metallurgy, Models, Biological, Probability, Snakes, Spatial Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review