Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges
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This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book provides an unprecedented synthesis of the current status of scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands and the major challenges that confront them. It has been organized around three major themes. The first summarizes the conceptual advances that have occurred in the rangeland profession. The second addresses the implications of these conceptual advances to management and policy. The third assesses several major challenges confronting global rangelands in the 21st century. This book will compliment applied range management textbooks by describing the conceptual foundation on which the rangeland profession is based. It has been written to be accessible to a broad audience, including ecosystem managers, educators, students and policy makers. The content is founded on the collective experience, knowledge and commitment of 80 authors who have worked in rangelands throughout the world. Their collective contributions indicate that a more comprehensive framework is necessary to address the complex challenges confronting global rangelands. Rangelands represent adaptive social-ecological systems, in which societal values, organizations and capacities are of equal importance to, and interact with, those of ecological processes. A more comprehensive framework for rangeland systems may enable management agencies, and educational, research and policy making organizations to more effectively assess complex problems and develop appropriate solutions.
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Impacts of climate change on the livestock food supply chain; a review of the evidence
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Global rangeland production systems and livelihoods at threat under climate change and variability
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Light grazing facilitates carbon accumulation in subsoil in Chinese grasslands: A meta‐analysis
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Woody Plant Encroachment Impacts on Groundwater Recharge: A Review
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Applying a dryland degradation framework for rangelands: the case of Mongolia
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Sustainable grazing management in rangelands: Over a century searching for a silver bullet
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Climate Change, Rangelands, and Sustainability of Ranching in the Western United States
Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M. E., Cibils, A. F., & Sawalhah, M. N. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12124942 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Landscape sustainability science in the drylands: mobility, rangelands and livelihoods
Liao, C., Agrawal, A., Clark, P. E., Levin, S. A., & Rubenstein, D. I. (2020) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-020-01068-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Livelihood and vegetation dynamics in drylands are strongly coupled because resource-use patterns of pastoralists have substantial implications for rangeland vegetation, and changes in vegetation in turn shape pastoralist livelihoods (Reid 2012; Briske 2017).”
BackgroundCarrying Capacity of Spatially Distributed Metapopulations
Zhang, B., Deangelis, D. L., & Ni, W. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.10.007 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“For example, this theory could help to provide guidance on how to increase wood production under different fertilization treatments in natural resource management [60]; how to support larger wildlife populations by altering food distribution and dispersal patterns [61]; how”
BackgroundGonçalves, R. V. S., Cardoso, J. C. F., Oliveira, P. E., et al. (2021) · Web Ecology · doi:10.5194/we-21-55-2021 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Post-fire regeneration of dense vegetation without periodic fires for a long time may cause rapid regeneration into even denser formations, without taking the community to previous successional stages (Briske, 2017).”
BackgroundShamon, H., Cosby, O. G., Andersen, C. L., Augare, H., BearCub Stiffarm, J., Bresnan, C. E., Brock, B. L., Carlson, E., Deichmann, J. L., Epps, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.826282 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…to address tribal needs for funding, enhanced community capacity (e.g., training of staff, food distribution frameworks), solving complex landownership interactions (cross boundaries management, sensu lato ; Pejchar et al., 2021), and developing a well-defined adaptive management plan (Briske, 2017).”
BackgroundMasenyama, A., Mutanga, O., Dube, T. J., Bangira, T., Sibanda, M., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2022) · GIScience & Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/15481603.2022.2088652 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bush encroachment dynamics and rangeland management implications in southern Ethiopia
Liao, C., Clark, P. E., & DeGloria, S. D. (2018) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.4621 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Han, L., Dahlgren, R. A., Larsen, R. E., et al. (2019) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs11050595 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle − Based Rangeland Monitoring: Examining a Century of Vegetation Changes
Sankey, T. T., Leonard, J. M., & Moore, M. M. (2019) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2019.04.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Woody plant encroachment enhances soil infiltrability of a semiarid karst savanna
Leite, P. A. M., Wilcox, B. P., & McInnes, K. J. (2020) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/abc92f · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Climate rather than overgrazing explains most rangeland primary productivity change in Mongolia
Purevjav, A.-O., Avirmed, T., Wilcox, S. W., & Barrett, C. B. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adn0005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Estimating and Monitoring Land Surface Phenology in Rangelands: A Review of Progress and Challenges
Matongera, T. N., Mutanga, O., Sibanda, M., et al. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13112060 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Jamsranjav, C., Fernández-Giménez, M., Reid, R., & Adya, B. (2019) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.1899 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Land Cover Trends in South Texas (1987–2050): Potential Implications for Wild Felids
Lombardi, J. V., Perotto‐Baldivieso, H. L., & Tewes, M. E. (2020) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs12040659 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Han, L., Yufang Jin, A., Roche, L. M., O’Geen, A. T., & Dahlgren, R. A. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abc64d · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mestanza-Ramón, C., Mora-Silva, D., D’Orio, G., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116854 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Murthy, K., & Bagchi, S. (2018) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.3019 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“fused patterns, there is a risk of mismatch in the spatial configuration of the problem and its purported solution (Bestelmeyer, Goolsby, & Archer, 2011; Briske, 2017; Cumming et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialCoon, J. J., van Riper, C. J., Morton, L. W., & Miller, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111355 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The landscape of North American Rangeland Social Science: A Systematic Map
Bruno, J. E., Jamsranjav, C., Jablonski, K. E., Dosamantes, E. G., Wilmer, H., & Fernández‐Giménez, M. E. (2019) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2019.10.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Large mammalian herbivores modulate plant growth form diversity in a tropical rainforest
Souza, Y., Villar, N., Zipparro, V. B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13846 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This is alarming since this process has many unwanted outcomes on, for example, soil composition, soil structure and climate regulation (Briske, 2017; Staal et al., 2020).”
BackgroundApplication of grazing land models in ecosystem management: Current status and next frontiers
Ma, L., Derner, J., Harmel, R. D., Tatarko, J., Moore, A. D., Rotz, C. A., Augustine, D. J., Boone, R. B., Coughenour, M. B., Beukes, P. C., et al. (2019) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2019.07.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Supplying ecosystem services on US rangelands
Briske, D. D., Archer, S. R., Burchfield, E., et al. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01194-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Celaya, R., Ferreira, L. M. M., Lorenzo, J. M., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14052775 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Drought-induced regime shift and resilience of a Sahelian ecohydrosystem
Wendling, V., Peugeot, C., Mayor, Á. G., Hiernaux, P., Mougin, É., Grippa, M., Kergoat, L., Walcker, R., Galle, S., & Lebel, T. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab3dde · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Risk-Overgrazing Relationship Model: An Empirical Analysis of Grassland Farms in Northern China
Jimoh, S. O., Feng, X., Li, P., et al. (2020) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2020.03.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Community-Engaged Research Builds a Nature-Culture of Hope on North American Great Plains Rangelands
Wilmer, H., Porensky, L. M., Fernández‐Giménez, M. E., et al. (2019) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci8010022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Transitioning towards human–large carnivore coexistence in extensive grazing systems
Boronyak, L., Jacobs, B., & Wallach, A. D. (2020) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01340-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“variety of ecological systems including drylands, grasslands, savannah and shrublands (Davies et al. 2015; Briske 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialBig landscapes meet big data: Informing grazing management in a variable and changing world
Hudson, T. D., Reeves, M. C., Hall, S. A., et al. (2020) · Rangelands · doi:10.1016/j.rala.2020.10.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Identification of the Optimal Season and Spectral Regions for Shrub Cover Estimation in Grasslands
Soubry, I., & Guo, X. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21093098 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Radecki‐Pawlik, A., Wałęga, A., Młyński, D. P., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136988 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rahmanian, S., Nasiri, V., Amindin, A., et al. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15020387 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhou, L., Li, H., Shen, H., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Xing, A., Zhu, Y., Zhou, S., & Fang, J. (2018) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-018-3761-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ball, L., & Tzanopoulos, J. (2020) · Applied Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/avsc.12493 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mangrove Encroachment Alters Decomposition Rate in Saltmarsh Through Changes in Litter Quality
Simpson, L. T., Cherry, J. A., Smith, R. S., et al. (2020) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-020-00554-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
He, S., Xiong, K., Song, S., Chi, Y., Fang, J., & He, C. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12040770 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Guerisoli, M. D. L. M., Gallo, O., Martinez, S. P.-F., et al. (2021) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-020-00549-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Climatic and non-climatic vegetation cover changes in the rangelands of Africa
D’Adamo, F., Ogutu, B., Brandt, M., Schurgers, G., & Dash, J. (2021) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103516 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Parracciani, C., Buitenwerf, R., & Svenning, J. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12112052 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
López, J. M. R., Tielbörger, K., Claus, C., Fröhlich, C., Gramberger, M., & Scheffran, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11041184 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Comer, J. A., & Perkins, L. B. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111596 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Warming Promotes Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles in Global Grassland
Zheng, M., Cui, J., Cheng, L., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Lam, S. K., & Gu, B. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c04794 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
When savannas recover from overgrazing, ecohydrological connectivity collapses
Basant, S., Wilcox, B. P., Leite, P. A. M., et al. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab71a1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Martin, J. M., & Barboza, P. S. (2020) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3176 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Biral, V. C. N., Will, R. E., & Zou, C. B. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10040329 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Epstein, K., Wood, D. J. A., Roemer, K. F., Currey, B., Duff, H., Gay, J. D., Goemann, H., Loewen, S., Milligan, M. C., Wendt, J. A. F., et al. (2021) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12141-260110 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, deliberate action is also resource- and time-intensive and can be challenged by issues inherent to SESs such as mismatched scales of governance and conflicting management trade-offs (Cumming et al. 2006, Cavender-Bares et al. 2015, DeFries and Nagendra 2017, Hruska et al. 2017).”
BackgroundCosme, M., Hély, C., Pommereau, F., Pasquariello, P., Tiberi, C., Treydte, A. C., & Gaucherel, C. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11010042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, L., Liu, H., & Baoyin, T. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12091324 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Meyer, T., Holloway, P., Christiansen, T. B., Miller, J. A., D’Odorico, P., & Okin, G. S. (2019) · Land · doi:10.3390/land8080122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Groundwater–Vegetation Interactions in Rangeland Ecosystems: A Review
Rapiya, M., & Ramoelo, A. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17081174 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Robins, J. G., & Jensen, K. B. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10081134 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Monaco, T., & Gunnell, K. L. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9091113 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Verschueren, S., Briers‐Louw, W. D., Monterroso, P., & Marker, L. L. (2021) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2021.07.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Vukeya, L. R., Mokotjomela, T. M., Malebo, N. J., et al. (2023) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-022-02024-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Legese, B., & Balew, A. (2021) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09222-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In addition, rapid population growth and urbanization, expansion of crop farming, and sedentarization and land fragmentation cause rangeland degradation as well as affect wildlife habitat and vegetation dynamics (Briske, 2017; Li & Huntsinger, 2011; Reid, 2012; Reid et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAsare, F., Palamuleni, L. G., & Ruhiiga, T. M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061175 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hulvey, K. B., Thomas, K., & Thacker, E. (2018) · Rangelands · doi:10.1016/j.rala.2018.08.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Intensive rotational grazing in pastures reduces the early establishment of an invasive tree species
Aranda, M. J., Tognetti, P. M., Mochi, L. S., et al. (2023) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-023-03096-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Williams, C. J., Johnson, J. C., Pierson, F. B., Burleson, C. S., Polyakov, V. O., Kormos, P. R., & Nouwakpo, S. K. (2020) · Water · doi:10.3390/w12082213 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quan, Z., Cheng, Y., Tsubo, M., & Shinoda, M. (2024) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-024-06867-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Xu, H., Zhang, J., Baoyin, T., et al. (2024) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14102370 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Koch, F., Tietjen, B., Tielbörger, K., et al. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.09462 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Giralt-Rueda, J. M., & Santamarı́a, L. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13193920 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Caracterización espacial de la ganadería bovina en la Orinoquia colombiana
Benavides, R. A. M., Zamudio, C. B., Martínez-Arias, A., et al. (2020) · Revista Mvz Córdoba · doi:10.21897/rmvz.1720 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Qualitative Exploration of Conflicts in Human-Wildlife Interactions in Namibia’s Kunene Region
Luetkemeier, R., Kraus, R., Mbidzo, M., et al. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15030440 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Han, Y., Wu, Y., Cui, J., Li, H., Li, H., Zhang, J., Miao, B., Wang, L., Li, Z., & Liang, C. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13082030 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jaime, X. A., Angerer, J. P., Yang, C., et al. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15164033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cavallero, L., Peinetti, H. R., & López, D. R. (2023) · Ecología Austral · doi:10.25260/ea.23.33.3.0.2135 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Schwieger, D. A. M. (2022) · Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13570-022-00231-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Effect of Woody Encroachment on Evapotranspiration in a Semi-Arid Savanna
Aldworth, T. A., Toucher, M. L. W., Clulow, A. D., et al. (2022) · Hydrology · doi:10.3390/hydrology10010009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Twinamatsiko, R., Nalule, A. S., & Okello, S. (2020) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2020.14959 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Rangeland vegetation dynamics complexity can be understood from the “state‐ and‐transition model”, where rangeland dynamics are described as a set of discrete “states” of vegetation at a specific site and changes between states that occur as discrete “transitions” (Briske, 2017; Liao et al., 2018).”
BackgroundOn-ranch adaptation to California's historic 2012-2016 drought
Woodmansee, G., Macon, D., Schohr, T., & Roche, L. M. (2021) · Rangelands · doi:10.1016/j.rala.2021.10.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Irob, K., Blaum, N., Baldauf, S., Kerger, L., Strohbach, B. J., Kanduvarisa, A., Lohmann, D., & Tietjen, B. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8715 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Additionally, grazing livestock can benefit woody plants by dispersing their seeds and by removing the fuel load, thereby reducing fire frequency and intensity, enhancing woody plant recruitment (Briske, 2017).”
Huang, T., Olsoy, P. J., Glenn, N. F., Cattau, M. E., Roser, A. V., Boehm, A. R., & Clark, P. E. (2024) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-024-01983-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ghimire, R., Aryal, D. R., Hanan, N. P., Boufous, S., Burney, O. T., Idowu, O. J., Geli, H. M. E., Hurd, B., & Prihodko, L. (2024) · Agrosystems Geosciences & Environment · doi:10.1002/agg2.70019 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Collins, S. M., Taylor, L. A., Wright, K. W., & Lichtenberg, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.70069 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
de Villalobos, A. E., & Schwerdt, L. (2020) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-020-02300-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Ungulate grazing can be used as a key management tool for maintaining healthy grasslands (Dorrough et al. 2004; Firn et al. 2013; Briske 2017).”
BackgroundGcayi, S. R., Adelabu, S. A., Nduku, L., et al. (2024) · Applied Geomatics · doi:10.1007/s12518-024-00589-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
López, D. R., Cavallero, L., Willems, P., Bestelmeyer, B. T., & Brizuela, M. A. (2022) · Applied Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/avsc.12670 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Balew, A., Legese, B., Kunbushu, D., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1155/2022/9585552 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Robins, J. G., Rigby, C. W., & Jensen, K. B. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10050623 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sinclair, S. J., Avirmed, O., White, M., et al. (2020) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106891 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Grazing Management and Provision of Ecosystem Services in Patagonian Arid Rangelands
Oñatibia, G. R. (2021) · Natural and social sciences of Patagonia · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69166-0_3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hiernaux, P., Turner, M. D., Eggen, M., et al. (2021) · Wetlands Ecology and Management · doi:10.1007/s11273-021-09822-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tyrrell, P., Buitenwerf, R., Brehony, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.889501 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Rangelands cover >30% of the world’s terrestrial surface, supporting billions of people and nearly half of all livestock and sustaining biodiversity and vital ecosystem services (Briske, 2017).”
BackgroundRaynor, E. J., McGranahan, D. A., Miller, J. R., Debinski, D. M., Schacht, W. H., & Engle, D. M. (2021) · Land · doi:10.3390/land10040395 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mndela, M., Barrett, A. S., & Brown, L. R. (2025) · Plant Ecology & Diversity · doi:10.1080/17550874.2025.2537152 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Skhosana, F. V., Stevens, N., Maoela, M. A., Archibald, S. A., & Midgley, G. F. (2025) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70134 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“As a result of woody encroachment, the decrease in grassland obligate birds is a major concern (Briske, 2017; Fuhlendorf et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2011).”
Ostria‐Gallardo, E., Zúñiga-Contreras, E., Carvajal, D. E., et al. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12132464 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Enhancing the Long-Term Ecological Management and Monitoring of Landscapes: The L-TEAM Framework
Mills, M., Larios, L., & Franklin, J. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12101942 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Du Toit, J., Cross, P. C., & Valeix, M.
- Venue
- Springer Series on Environmental Management
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2017
- ISSN
- 0172-6161 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3124799434
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 15.53
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Springer series on environmental management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- BiblioBoard Library Catalog (Open Research Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OAPEN (The OAPEN Foundation) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Rangeland Management and Livestock Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Agricultural and Rural Development Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- rangeland management, grazing systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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