Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways leading to nitric oxide-mediated antiviral responses
Open accessAbstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), well-characterized pattern-recognizing receptors of the innate arm of the immune system, are vital in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The TLR-PAMP interaction initiates an intracellular signaling cascade, predominantly culminating in upregulation of antiviral components, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). After activation, various TLR pathways can promote iNOS production via the myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD-88) adapter protein. Subsequently, iNOS facilitates production of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive and potent antiviral molecule that can inhibit replication of RNA and DNA viruses. Furthermore, NO can diffuse freely across cell membranes and elicit antiviral mechanisms in various ways, including direct and indirect damage to viral genomes. This review emphasizes current knowledge of NO-mediated antiviral responses elicited after activation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Most of these viruses cause induction of iNOS via Toll-like receptor-3.
“Most of these viruses cause the induction of iNOS via the Toll-like receptor-3 [134].”
From The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity (2022) · cites this paper as [134]
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- Authors
- Abdul-Cader, M. S., Amarasinghe, A., & Abdul-Careem, M. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Abdul-Cader, Mohamed Sarjoon
- Abdul-Careem, Mohamed Faizal
- Venue
- Archives of Virology
- Published
- 2016-05-27
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2075-2086
- ISSN
- 0003-9012 (ISSN-L)
- 0304-8608
- 1432-8798
- PMC
- PMC7087267
- OpenAlex
- W2396670243
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Archives of Virology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Margaret Gunn Endowment for Animal Research, University of Calgary, Canada (10007898)
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (10009962)
- Saskatchewan Agriculture Ministry, Canada (10010719)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Toll-like receptors, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, antiviral innate immunity, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, TLR signaling pathways, viral replication inhibition, RNA viruses, DNA viruses
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA Viruses, Humans, Nitric Oxide, RNA Viruses, Virus Diseases, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptors
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