The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling
Abstract
Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88, MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 apart from NF-kappaB activation, including activation of the transcription factors IRF1, IRF5 and IRF7, and also a role outside the TLRs in interferon-gamma signalling. Biochemical information on MAL and TRAM has shown that both act as bridging adaptors, with MAL recruiting MyD88 to TLR2 and TLR4, and TRAM recruiting TRIF to TLR4 to allow for IRF3 activation. Finally, the function of the fifth adaptor, SARM, has been revealed, which negatively regulates TRIF. These new insights allow for a detailed description of the function of the five TIR-domain-containing adaptors in the initiation of TLR signalling.
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TLR4 activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways leading to transcription of genes, such as iNOS and IL-1β.
“TLR4 activates multi-ple intracellular signaling pathways leading to transcription of genes, such as iNOS and IL-1 (O'Neill and Bowie, 2007).”
From Neurotoxic Activation of Microglia Is Promoted by a Nox1-Dependent NADPH Oxidase (2008) · cites this paper as O'Neill and Bowie, 2007
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- Authors
- O'Neill, L. A. J., & Bowie, A. G.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 353-364
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W2115185894
- Cited by
- 2,667
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 138 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 197 · 2012: 180
- FWCI
- 15.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Research Board
- Science Foundation Ireland
- Irish Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- Toll-like receptor signaling, MyD88, MAL, TRIF, tram, selective androgen receptor modulators, IRF3 activation, IRF7, IRF5, interferon-gamma signaling, NF-κB activation, TLR4, TLR2, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Humans, Signal Transduction, Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Armadillo Domain Proteins, Toll-Like Receptors, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
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