Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes
Open accessAbstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked disorder affecting primarily the white matter of the central nervous system occasionally accompanied by adrenal insufficiency. Despite the discovery of the causative gene, ABCD1, no clear genotype-phenotype correlations have been established. Association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by comprehensive resequencing of genes related to ABCD1 may reveal genes modifying ALD phenotypes. We analyzed 40 Japanese patients with ALD. ABCD1 and ABCD2 were analyzed using a newly developed microarray-based resequencing system. ABCD3 and ABCD4 were analyzed by direct nucleotide sequence analysis. Replication studies were conducted on an independent French ALD cohort with extreme phenotypes. All the mutations of ABCD1 were identified, and there was no correlation between the genotypes and phenotypes of ALD. SNPs identified by the comprehensive resequencing of ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 were used for association studies. There were no significant associations between these SNPs and ALD phenotypes, except for the five SNPs of ABCD4, which are in complete disequilibrium in the Japanese population. These five SNPs were significantly less frequently represented in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) than in controls in the Japanese population (p=0.0468), whereas there were no significant differences in patients with childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD). The replication study employing these five SNPs on an independent French ALD cohort, however, showed no significant associations with CCALD or pure AMN. This study showed that ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 are less likely the disease-modifying genes, necessitating further studies to identify genes modifying ALD phenotypes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Attempts to identify a modifier variant among 16 candidate genes, including some involved in inflammatory processes, had no success.
“Although a large segregation analysis suggested the presence of a single “major” autosomal modifier locus [111], attempts to identify a modifier variant among 16 candidate genes, including some involved in inflammatory processes, had no success [15,112,113,114,115,116], as reviewed in [15].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [115]
The Results and Discussion report an unsuccessful search for consistently associated modifier SNPs in ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4. This paper does not establish the citing sentence’s total of 16 candidate genes or identify the genes it tested as involved in inflammatory processes. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo independent association studies comparing ABCD2 and ABCD3 polymorphisms with different clinical phenotypes failed to determine significant correlations.
“However, two independent association studies comparing ABCD2 and ABCD3 polymorphisms with different clinical phenotypes failed to determine significant correlations.98,99”
From The genetic landscape of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: inheritance, mutations, modifier genes, and diagnosis (2015) · cites this paper as [99]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Putative X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy gene shares unexpected homology with ABC transporters
Mosser, J., Douar, A.-M., Sarde, C.-O., Kioschis, P., Feil, R., Moser, H., Poustka, A.-M., Mandel, J.-L., & Aubourg, P. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361726a0 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
Self-citationAxonal loss and neuroinflammation caused by peroxisome-deficient oligodendrocytes
Kassmann, C. M., Lappe-Siefke, C., Baes, M., Brügger, B., Mildner, A., Werner, H. B., Natt, O., Michaelis, T., Prinz, M., Frahm, J., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2070 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Shapiro, E., Krivit, W., Lockman, L., Jambaqué, I., Peters, C., Cowan, M., Harris, R., Blanche, S., Bordigoni, P., Loes, D., et al. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02629-5 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic organization of the adrenoleukodystrophy gene
Sarde, C.-O., Mosser, J., Kioschis, P., Kretz, C., Vicaire, S., Aubourg, P., Poustka, A., & Mandel, J.-L. (1994) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1339 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationX-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotype is independent of ABCD2 genotype
Maier, E. M., Mayerhofer, P. U., Asheuer, M., Köhler, W., Rothe, M., Muntau, A. C., Roscher, A. A., Holzinger, A., Aubourg, P., & Berger, J. (2008) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.092 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the basis of the comprehensive resequencing of ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes, we searched for SNPs of these related genes to explore the possibility of these genes as candidate disease-modifying genes for ALD, although it was shown that ALD phenotypes are independent of ABCD2 genotype in two independent association…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- [2]Schaumburg HH Powers JM Raine CS Suzuki K Richardson EP Jr Adrenoleukodystrophy. A clinical and pathological study of 17 cases Arch Neurol 1975 32 577 591 169765
- [3]Moser HW Adrenoleukodystrophy: phenotype, genetics, pathogenesis and therapy Brain 1997 120 1485 1508 10.1093/brain/120.8.1485 9278636 · DOI · Paper page
- [4]van Geel BM Assies J Wanders RJA Barth PG X-linked adrenokeukodystrophy: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapy J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997 63 4 14 10.1136/jnnp.63.1.4 9221959 PMC2169642 · DOI · Paper page
- [5]Igarashi M Schaumburg HH Powers J Kishimoto Y Kolodny EH Suzuki K Fatty acid abnormality in adrenoleukodystrophy J Neurochem 1976 26 851 860 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb04462.x 965973 · DOI · Paper page
- [6]Moser HW Moser AB Kawamura N Murphy J Suzuki K Schaumburg H Kishimoto Y Adrenoleukodystrophy: elevated C26 fatty acid in cultured skin fibroblasts Ann Neurol 1980 7 542 549 10.1002/ana.410070607 7436359 · DOI
- [7]Moser AB Kreiter N Bezman L Lu S Raymond GV Naidu S Moser HW Plasma very long chain fatty acids in 3, 000 peroxisome disease patients and 29, 000 controls Ann Neurol 1999 45 100 110 10.1002/1531-8249(199901)45:1<100::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-U 9894883 · DOI
- [8]Aubourg P Blanche S Jambaqué I Rocchiccioli F Kalifa G Naud-Saudreau C Rolland MO Debre M Chaussain JL Griscelli C Fischer A Bougnères PF Reversal of early neurologic and neuroradiologic manifestations of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy by bone marrow transplantation N Engl J Med 1990 322 1860 1866 10.1056/NEJM199006283222607 2348839 · DOI · Paper page
- [9]Malm G Ringden O Anvret M von Dobeln U Hagenfeldt L Isberg B Knuutila S Nennesmo I Winiarski J Marcus C Treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy with bone marrow transplantation Acta Paediatr 1997 86 484 492 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08918.x 9183487 · DOI
- [11]Krasemann EW Meier V Korenke GC Hunneman DH Hanefeld F Identification of mutations in the ALD-gene of 20 families with adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy Hum Genet 1996 97 194 197 10.1007/BF02265264 8566952 · DOI
- [12]Takano H Koike R Onodera O Sasaki R Tsuji S Mutational analysis and genotype-phenotype correlation of 29 unrelated Japanese patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy Arch Neurol 1999 56 295 300 10.1001/archneur.56.3.295 10190819 · DOI
- [13]Kok F Neumann S Sarde CO Zheng S Wu KH Wei HM Bergin J Watkins PA Gould S Sack G Moser HW Mandel J Smith KD Mutational analysis of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy Hum Mutat 1995 6 104 115 10.1002/humu.1380060203 7581394 · DOI · Paper page
- [14]Ligtenberg MJ Kemp S Sarde CO van Geel BM Kleijer WJ Barth PG Mandel JL van Oost BA Bolhuis PA Spectrum of mutations in the gene encoding the adrenoleukodystrophy protein Am J Hum Genet 1995 56 44 50 7825602 PMC1801307
- [15]Berger J Molzer B Fae I Bernheimer H X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD): a novel mutation of the ALD gene in 6 members of a family presenting with 5 different phenotypes Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994 205 1638 1643 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2855 7811247 · DOI · Paper page
- [16]Smith KD Kemp S Braiterman LT Lu JF Wei HM Geraghty M Stetten G Bergin JS Pevsner J Watkins PA X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: genes, mutations, and phenotypes Neurochem Res 1999 24 521 535 10.1023/A:1022535930009 10227685 · DOI · Paper page
- [17]Broccardo C Troffer-Charlier N Savary S Mandel JL Chimini G Exon organisation of the mouse gene encoding the adrenoleukodystrophy related protein (ALDRP) Eur J Hum Genet 1998 6 638 641 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200233 9887385 · DOI
- [18]Lombard-Platet G Savary S Sarde CO Mandel JL Chimini G A close relative of the adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) gene codes for a peroxisomal protein with a specific expression pattern Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93 1265 1269 10.1073/pnas.93.3.1265 8577752 PMC40068 · DOI · Paper page
- [19]Guimarães CP Domingues P Aubourg P Fouquet F Pujol A Jimenez-Sanchez G Sá-Miranda C Azevedo JE Mouse liver PMP70 and ALDP: homomeric interactions prevail in vivo Biochim Biophys Acta 2004 1689 235 243 15276650
- [20]Hillebrand M Verrier SE Ohlenbusch A Schäffer A Söling HD Wouters FS Gärtner J Live cell FRET microscopy: homo- and heterodimerization of two human peroxisomal ABC transporters, the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP, ABCD1) and PMP70 (ABCD3) J Biol Chem 2007 282 26997 27005 10.1074/jbc.M702122200 17609205 · DOI · Paper page
- [21]Liu LX Janvier K Berteaux-Lecellier V Cartier N Benarous R Aubourg P Homo- and heterodimerization of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette half-transporters J Biol Chem 1999 274 32738 32743 10.1074/jbc.274.46.32738 10551832 · DOI · Paper page
- [22]Tanaka AR Tanabe K Morita M Durisu M Kasiwayama Y Matsuo M Kioka N Amachi T Imanaka I Ueda K ATP binding/hydrolysis by and phosphorylation of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette proteins PMP70 (ABCD3) and adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ABCD1) J Biol Chem 2002 277 40142 40147 10.1074/jbc.M205079200 12176987 · DOI
- [23]Takahashi Y Seki N Ishiura H Mitsui J Matsukawa T Kishino A Onodera O Aoki M Shimozawa N Murayama S Itoyama Y Suzuki Y Sobue G Nishizawa M Goto J Tsuji S Development of high-throughput microarray-based resequencing system for neurological disorders and its application to molecular genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Arch Neurol 2008 65 1326 1332 10.1001/archneur.65.10.1326 18852346 · DOI
- [24]Wigginton JE Abecasis GR PEDSTATS: descriptive statistics, graphics and quality assessment for gene mapping data Bioinformatics 2005 21 3445 3447 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti529 15947021 · DOI
- [25]Barrett JC Fry B Maller J Daly MJ Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps Bioinformatics 2005 21 263 265 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457 15297300 · DOI
- [26]Lachtermacher MB Seuanez HN Moser AB Moser HW Smith KD Determination of 30 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutations, including 15 not previously described Hum Mutat 2000 15 348 353 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200004)15:4<348::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-N 10737980 · DOI
- [28]Feigenbaum V Lombard-Platet G Guidoux S Sarde C Mandel JL Aubourg P Mutational and protein analysis of patients and heterozygous women with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy Am J Hum Genet 1996 58 1135 1144 8651290 PMC1915047
- [29]Boehm CD Cutting GR Lachtermacher MB Moser HW Chong SS Accurate DNA-based diagnostic and carrier testing for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy Mol Genet Metab 1999 66 128 136 10.1006/mgme.1998.2779 10068516 · DOI · Paper page
- [32]Eichler FS Ren JQ Cossoy M Rietsch AM Naqpal S Moser AB Frosch MP Ransohoff RM Is microglial apoptosis an early pathogenic change in cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy? Ann Neurol 2008 63 729 742 10.1002/ana.21391 18571777 · DOI · Paper page
- [33]Grabriel SB Schaffner SF Nguyen H Moore JM Roy J Blumenstiel B Higgins J DeFelice M Lochner A Faggart M Liu-Cordero SN Rotimi C Adenemo A Cooper R Ward R Lander ES Daly MJ Altshuler D The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome Science 2002 296 2225 2229 10.1126/science.1069424 12029063 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Clinical, metabolic, genetic and pathophysiological aspects
Kemp, S., Berger, J., & Aubourg, P. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.03.012 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationPathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Berger, J., Forss-Petter, S., & Eichler, F. S. (2014) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.023 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Peroxisomal ABC transporters: Structure, function and role in disease
Morita, M., & Imanaka, T. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.009 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Berger, J., Wiesinger, C., & Eichler, F. (2015) · The Application of Clinical Genetics · doi:10.2147/tacg.s49590 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Kawaguchi, K., & Morita, M. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/6786245 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Bougnères, P., & Le Stunff, C. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16050590 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Matsukawa, T., Asheuer, M., Takahashi, Y., Goto, J., Suzuki, Y., Shimozawa, N., Takano, H., Onodera, O., Nishizawa, M., Aubourg, P., & Tsuji, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Inserm (FR)
- Gifu University (JP)
- Niigata University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Tsuji, Shoji
- ORCID
- Venue
- neurogenetics
- Published
- 2010-07-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-50
- ISSN
- 1364-6745 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-6753
- PMC
- PMC3029816
- OpenAlex
- W2030941134
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Neurogenetics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21591318)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Lysosomal Storage Disorders Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, ABCD4, single nucleotide polymorphisms, genotype-phenotype correlation, adrenomyeloneuropathy, childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, disease-modifying genes, genetic association, Japanese patients
- MeSH terms
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D, Member 1, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Adult, Alleles, Base Sequence, Child, DNA Mutational Analysis, France, Gene Frequency, Humans, Japan, Mutation, Linkage Disequilibrium, DNA Primers, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Asian People, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Association Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review