A mobile VR-based respiratory biofeedback game to foster diaphragmatic breathing
Open accessAbstract
Virtual reality (VR) has become popular in mental health research. Several studies have explored the use of VR in the context of biofeedback protocols. In the present paper, we report on the development and evaluation of a VR-based respiratory biofeedback game to foster diaphragmatic breathing. The game integrates respiratory biofeedback, restorative VR and gamification. The game is designed to run on a mobile, all-in-one VR headset. Notably, an integrated VR hand controller is utilized as a sensor to detect respiration-induced movements of the diaphragm. In a longitudinal within-subjects study, we explored the feasibility of the game and tested the effectiveness of six training sessions. Participants reported a pleasant user experience. Moreover, the results show that the brief VR-based breathing training increased perceived breath awareness, improved diaphragmatic breathing, increased relaxation, decreased perceived stress, reduced symptoms of burnout and boosted relaxation-related self-efficacy. Future studies need to address the generalizability and long-term stability of the results, compare the approach with existing treatments and fine-tune the training components.
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VR and BF demonstrated effectiveness in reducing stress levels.
“Integrated VR and BF technology has been increasingly applied to self-help healthcare training (Yu et al., 2018), demonstrating effectiveness in reducing stress levels (Rockstroh et al., 2021), anxiety (Gaggioli et al., 2014), and self-reported pain (Prabhu et al., 2019).”
From Frontal Electroencephalography Asymmetry and Desynchronized Functional Connectivity Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Breathing Training (2026) · cites this paper as Rockstroh et al., 2021
VR and BF successfully enhanced breathing training.
“Furthermore, VR and BF successfully enhanced breathing training (Brammer et al., 2021;Rockstroh et al., 2021).”
From Frontal Electroencephalography Asymmetry and Desynchronized Functional Connectivity Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Breathing Training (2026) · cites this paper as Rockstroh et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Rockstroh, C., Blum, J., & Göritz, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rockstroh, Christoph
- Venue
- Virtual Reality
- Published
- 2020-10-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 539-552
- ISSN
- 1359-4338 (ISSN-L)
- 1434-9957
- OpenAlex
- W3092204818
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Virtual Reality (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- respiratory biofeedback, diaphragmatic breathing, breathing exercises, gamification, hand controllers, breath awareness, relaxation, stress, burnout, self-efficacy
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