The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly being used in clinical populations to reduce psychological distress and improve functioning. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a questionnaire that measures five facets of mindfulness: observe, describe, actaware, nonjudge and nonreact. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FFMQ in a clinical population of fibromyalgia patients. A total of 141 patients completed an online questionnaire on mindfulness (FFMQ) and theoretically related (e.g. acceptance, openness, alexithymia) and unrelated (physical health) constructs. Thirty-eight patients filled in the FFMQ twice. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the five-factor structure of the FFMQ. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were respectively assessed with Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficients. Construct validity was examined by correlating FFMQ facets with theoretically related and unrelated constructs. Incremental validity in predicting mental health and psychological symptoms was examined with regression analyses. CFA confirmed the correlated five-factor structure of the FFMQ. Internal consistency of the five facets was satisfactory and test-retest reliability was good to excellent. Construct validity was excellent, as shown by the moderate to large correlations with related constructs (except observe facet) and weak correlation with a theoretically unrelated construct. Two of the five facets (actaware and nonjudge) had incremental validity over the others in predicting mental health and psychological symptoms. After controlling for related constructs, the actaware facet remained a significant predictor. This study showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Dutch FFMQ in fibromyalgia patients. The observe facet, however, should be used with caution given its deviant relationship with theoretically related constructs.
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“Even though conceptualized to represent a hierarchical factor structure, with mindfulness on top of the five facets, empirical research among non-meditators repeatedly showed that Observe fits only insufficiently into this structure, or is even unrelated to overall mindfulness [14], [19], [20], [22]–[24].”
From The serenity of the meditating mind: A cross-cultural psychometric study on a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness, its effects, and mechanisms related to mental health among experienced meditators (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Validation studies of the FFMQ, for instance, have shown that its mindfulness facets correlate to a medium-to-large magnitude with specific measures of decentering (e.g., EQ) and acceptance (e.g., the Accpetance and Action Questionnaire, AAQ; Soler et al., 2014; Veehof et al., 2011), suggesting that these aspects may be operationally challenging to disentangle from each other.”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Veehof et al., 2011
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“As validation studies of the FFMQ have shown that the various mindfulness facets measured by the FFMQ correlate to a medium-to-large magnitude with specific measures of decentering (e.g., EQ) and acceptance (e.g., the Accpetance and Action Questionnaire, AAQ) (Soler et al., 2014; Veehof et al., 2011)”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Veehof et al., 2011
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“These findings correspond to earlier research (e.g., Baer et al., 2006; Veehof et al., 2011).”
From Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II (2012) · cites this paper as Veehof et al., 2011
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Rational thinking as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and dental anxiety
Yao, J., Carciofo, R., & Pan, L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28879-4 · Cited by 8
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“Within chronic pain samples, FFMQ acting with awareness and non-judgment facets appear to have the strongest correlations with depression (e.g., Lee et al. 2017; Veehof et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDiehl, J. M., Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Thompson, J. S., Dalrymple, K. L., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1998080 · Cited by 9
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Pelham, W. E., González, O., Metcalf, S. A., Whicker, C. L., Witkiewitz, K. A., Marsch, L. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01235-2 · Cited by 11
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“For Nonreactivity, the evidence is inconsistent, with some studies reporting significant unique relation (e.g., Pleman et al., 2019; Veehof et al., 2011) and some not (Jensen et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCorrea, P. S., Michelini, Y., Bravo, A. J., Mezquita, L., & Pilatti, A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02152-1 · Cited by 6
“Participants with lifetime mindfulness experience, compared to those that have never practiced mindfulness, scored significantly higher (p < 0.05) in three dimensions of the Spanish FFMQ: Observing (M = 3.38, SD = 0.78 versus M = 2.91, SD = 0.80; t (630) = 6.74; Cohen’s d = 0.54), Describing (M = 3.50, SD = 0.88 versu…”
BackgroundInfluentialMorgan, T. A., Dalrymple, K. L., Multach, M. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0614-9 · Cited by 6
Oñate, L., & Calvete, E. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.2.294551 · Cited by 6
O’Toole, M. S., Mennin, D. S., Applebaum, A. J., Fresco, D. M., & Zachariae, R. (2021) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2021.1924400 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, validation studies of the FFMQ for instance have shown that the various mindfulness facets correlate with specific metacognitive measures including acceptance and decentering [43,44].”
MethodBrahmi, M., Sharma, A., Jain, H., & Kumar, J. (2025) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531251369287 · Cited by 5
“21 FFMQ is recognised for its robust validity 30,31 and reliability 32–34 across different cultures.”
Karl, J. A., Lassen, E. R., Solem, S., & Fischer, R. D. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02459-7 · Cited by 6
“Somewhat surprisingly, not all facets of the FFMQ have shown an equal negative relationship with alexithymia (Sugiura et al., 2012; Veehof et al., 2011), with Non-Reacting often showing a weaker relationship and some facets even showing positive relationships to alexithymia (for example Observing).”
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“FFMQ subscale scores have also shown high retest reliability [53].”
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Castaneda, D., Bianchi, J. M., Villalba, J., & Ruiz, F. J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02533-8 · Cited by 3
“These results indicate that the greater the ability of mindfulness, the lower the psychological inflex-ibility, avoidance, environmental suppressors, and clinical symptomatology, which is consistent with previous research (Bohlmeijer et al., 2011; Oñate & Calvete, 2018; Veehof et al., 2011).”
Wong, M. Y. C., Yuan, G. F., Huang, S.-Y., Lian, A. E. Z., Derin, G., AKİŞ, A. D., Bengwasan, P. D., & Fung, H. W. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14030307 · Cited by 2
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Fain, A. C., Cersonsky, T. E. K., Bublitz, M. H., Lewkowitz, A. K., Werner, E. F., Miller, E. S., & Ayala, N. K. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07194-y · Cited by 2
Brain Training to Facilitate Labor and Birth: Impact of a Mobile Health Application
Hock, A., Donegan, T., Macedo, L. G., Pelino, S. D., & Dufour, S. P. (2024) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1891/jpe-2023-0033 · Cited by 1
Tremblay, L., Gordon, W. V., & Elander, J. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02872-0 · Cited by 1
“It shows good internal consistency ( α = 0.75–0.91) and strong construct validity, correlating with meditation experience, well-being, and reduced distress (Gu et al., 2016; Veehof et al., 2011).”
InfluentialValidating the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale [PMS] for Those with Fibromyalgia
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Papamikrouli, E., Kool, M. B., van Schie, C. H. M., & Loey, N. E. E. V. (2023) · European Burn Journal · doi:10.3390/ebj4020020 · Cited by 1
“The Dutch Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—Short Form (FFMQ-SF) [37,38] provides an estimate of the participants’ engagement with the principles of mindfulness.”
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INTERNET COMO INSTRUMENTO DE PESQUISA, COLETA E INTERVENÇÃO EM FIBROMIALGIA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
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A replication study of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) latent structurePreprint
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Garzón, E., García‐Rubio, C., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2018) · MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/makqz
Adaptation and Validation of the Mindful Student Questionnaire in Chinese
Wang, Q., Wu, Y., Feng, R., Hao, X., Felver, J. C., Zhang, Y., & Razza, R. A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02299-x
“The attenuated relations of MATS with APS in Chinese students may suggest that attention, as a critical component in mindfulness, plays a debatable role in connecting with psychological flexibility (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017; Martínez-Rubio et al., 2021; Simione et al., 2021; Veehof et al., 2011).”
Wan, R., Shi, J., Hu, K., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Yan, W., Cao, M., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21621905
Brown, A., Norton, S., Scott, W., Barrett, B. M., Rahman, Q., Catterall, L., Middleton, D., Kuran, M., Silber, E., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01606-8
“The FFMQ show good psychometric properties that have been replicated across cultures [75, 76] and in LTC patient groups [77].”
Reliability and validity of the Dutch interoceptive accuracy scale and interoceptive attention scale
Mulder, J., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., de Vries, J. D., & Jong, J. C. K. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261449068
Wan, R., Shi, J., Hu, K., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Yan, W., Cao, M., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21621908
Wan, R., Shi, J., Hu, K., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Yan, W., Cao, M., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21621899
Wan, R., Shi, J., Hu, K., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Yan, W., Cao, M., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21621902
Brahmi, M., Sharma, A., Jain, H., & Kumar, J. (2026) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531261421196
“The FFMQ has well-established validity 49,65,66 and reliability 67–69 across cultures.”
The Role of Trait Mindfulness and Fear of Childbirth in Physiological Birth
Hulsbosch, L. P., & Nyklı́ček, I. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02839-1
“Nevertheless, trait mindfulness showed to be relatively stable in both pregnant and non-pregnant samples (Brassel et al., 2020; Jensen et al., 2016, 2019; Veehof et al., 2011).”
Refinement and Validation of the Balanced Inventory of Mindfulness-related Skills (BIMS)Preprint
Bilgrami, Z. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Padmanabham, S. S., & Dam, N. T. V. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Hulsbosch, L. P., Sibbald, L., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Boedt, T., van den Heuvel, M. I., & Schwabe, I. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122514
Metadata
- Authors
- Veehof, M. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Taal, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Veehof, Martine M.
- Venue
- Clinical Rheumatology
- Published
- 2011-02-25
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1045-1054
- ISSN
- 0770-3198 (ISSN-L)
- 1434-9949
- PMC
- PMC3145081
- OpenAlex
- W2102457727
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Clinical Rheumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, fibromyalgia, mindfulness, psychometric properties, incremental validity, construct validity, test-retest reliability, acceptance, alexithymia, mental health, psychological symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Mind-Body Therapies
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